Abstract
The effects of combinations of organic amendments, phytochemicals, and plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) germination, transplant growth, and infectivity of Meloidogyne incognita were evaluated. Two phytochemicals (citral and benzaldehyde), three organic amendments (pine bark, chitin, and hemicellulose), and three bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Brevibacterium iodinum, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) were assessed. Increasing rates of benzaldehyde and citral reduced nematode egg viability in vitro. Benzaldehyde was 100% efficacious as a nematicide against juveniles, whereas citral reduced juvenile viability to less than 20% at all rates tested. Benzaldehyde increased tomato seed germination and root weight, whereas citral decreased both. High rates of pine bark or chitin reduced plant growth but not seed germination, whereas low rates of chitin increased shoot length, shoot weight, and root weight; improved root condition; and reduced galling. The combination of chitin and benzaldehyde significantly improved tomato transplant growth and reduced galling. While each of the bacterial isolates contributed to increased plant growth in combination treatments, only Brevibacterium iodinum applied alone significantly improved plant growth.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Higher benzaldehyde rates reduced nematode egg viability in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Treatment
- benzaldehydee0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae1pathogen - Outcome
- nematode egg viabilitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Increasing rates of benzaldehyde and citral reduced nematode egg viability in vitro”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher citral rates reduced nematode egg viability in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- citrale0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- nematode egg viabilitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing rates of benzaldehyde and citral reduced nematode egg viability in vitro”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzaldehyde was fully effective against juveniles.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- Benzaldehydee0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- efficacious as a nematicide against juvenilese0
- Direction
- efficaciouse0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Benzaldehyde was 100% efficacious as a nematicide against juveniles”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citral reduced juvenile viability below 20% at all tested rates.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- citrale0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- juvenile viabilitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- less than 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“citral reduced juvenile viability to less than 20% at all rates tested”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzaldehyde increased tomato germination and root weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Benzaldehydee0
- Outcome
- seed germination and root weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Benzaldehyde increased tomato seed germination and root weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Citral decreased tomato germination and root weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- citrale0
- Outcome
- seed germination and root weighte1
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas citral decreased both”
e1“Benzaldehyde increased tomato seed germination and root weight”
Claim · model-written summary
High pine bark rates reduced tomato plant growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- High rates of pine barke0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High rates of pine bark or chitin reduced plant growth but not seed germination”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
High chitin rates reduced tomato plant growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- chitine0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- High ratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High rates of pine bark or chitin reduced plant growth but not seed germination”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
High pine bark rates did not significantly change tomato germination.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- High rates of pine barke0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High rates of pine bark or chitin reduced plant growth but not seed germination”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
High chitin rates did not reduce tomato germination.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- chitine0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Qualifier
- High ratese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High rates of pine bark or chitin reduced plant growth but not seed germination”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low chitin rates increased shoot length, shoot weight and root weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- low rates of chitine0
- Outcome
- shoot length, shoot weight, and root weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low rates of chitin increased shoot length, shoot weight, and root weight”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low chitin rates improved root condition.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- low rates of chitine0
- Outcome
- root conditione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low rates of chitin increased shoot length, shoot weight, and root weight; improved root condition”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low chitin rates reduced galling.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- low rates of chitine0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- gallinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low rates of chitin increased shoot length, shoot weight, and root weight; improved root condition; and reduced galling”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
e2“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitin plus benzaldehyde significantly improved transplant growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- combination of chitin and benzaldehydee0
- Outcome
- tomato transplant growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of chitin and benzaldehyde significantly improved tomato transplant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitin plus benzaldehyde significantly reduced galling.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- combination of chitin and benzaldehydee0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- gallinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of chitin and benzaldehyde significantly improved tomato transplant growth and reduced galling”
e1“Meloidogyne incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Serratia marcescens contributed to increased plant growth in combination treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- combination treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Serratia marcescens
Serratia marcescense1symbiont - Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“each of the bacterial isolates contributed to increased plant growth in combination treatments”
e1“Serratia marcescens”
e2“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brevibacterium iodinum contributed to increased plant growth in combination treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- combination treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Brevibacterium iodinumBrevibacterium iodinume1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“each of the bacterial isolates contributed to increased plant growth in combination treatments”
e1“Brevibacterium iodinum, and Pseudomonas fluorescens”
e2“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas fluorescens contributed to increased plant growth in combination treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- combination treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescens
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense1symbiont - Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“each of the bacterial isolates contributed to increased plant growth in combination treatments”
e1“Pseudomonas fluorescens”
e2“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brevibacterium iodinum alone significantly improved plant growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Brevibacterium iodinum applied alonee0
- Interactor
- Brevibacterium iodinumBrevibacterium iodinume0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only Brevibacterium iodinum applied alone significantly improved plant growth”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
The same questions in other papers
citral · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
benzaldehyde · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
resistance inducer · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →resistance inducer · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.