Abstract
Chitosan inhibited growth of Botrytis cinerea in liquid culture and suppressed grey mould on detached grapevine leaves and bunch rot in commercial winegrapes. Germination of B. cinerea was completely inhibited in malt extract broth containing chitosan at concentrations greater than 0·125 g L −1 . However, treated conidia were able to infect detached Chardonnay leaves and pathogenicity was not affected, even after incubation for 24 h in chitosan at 10 g L −1 . When added after conidial germination, chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth and induced morphological changes suggestive of possible curative activity. The effective concentration of chitosan that reduced mycelial growth by 50% (EC 50 ) was 0·06 g L −1 . As a foliar treatment, chitosan protected detached Chardonnay leaves against B. cinerea and reduced lesion diameter by up to 85% compared with untreated controls. Peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activities were also induced in treated leaves. In vineyard studies, Chardonnay winegrapes exhibited 7·4% botrytis bunch rot severity at harvest in 2007 after treatment with an integrated programme that included chitosan sprays from bunch closure until 2 weeks preharvest, compared with 15·5% in untreated controls and 5·9% with fungicide treatment. In the following season, botrytis bunch rot severity was 44% in untreated Chardonnay at harvest and the integrated programme (21%) was less effective than fungicides (13·8%). However, in Sauvignon blanc winegrapes, the integrated and the fungicide programme each reduced botrytis bunch rot severity to 4% and were significantly different from the untreated control (11·5%). This study provides evidence that suppression of botrytis in winegrapes by chitosan involves direct and indirect modes of action.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth in liquid culture.
- Treatment
- Chitosane0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- growth of Botrytis cinereae0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan inhibited growth of Botrytis cinerea in liquid culture”
e1“grapevine leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan completely inhibited B. cinerea germination above 0·125 g L −1.
- Treatment
- chitosan at concentrations greater than 0·125 g L −1e0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Germination of B. cinereae0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of B. cinerea was completely inhibited in malt extract broth containing chitosan at concentrations greater than 0·125 g L −1”
e1“grapevine leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan-treated conidia retained ability to infect Chardonnay leaves.
- Taxon
- Chardonnaye0
- Treatment
- chitosan at 10 g L −1e0
- Interactor
- conidiae0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenicitye0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“treated conidia were able to infect detached Chardonnay leaves and pathogenicity was not affected, even after incubation for 24 h in chitosan at 10 g L −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan applied after germination inhibited B. cinerea growth.
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- B. cinerea growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When added after conidial germination, chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth and induced morphological changes”
e1“grapevine leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan after germination induced B. cinerea morphological changes.
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- morphological changese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When added after conidial germination, chitosan inhibited B. cinerea growth and induced morphological changes”
e1“grapevine leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The chitosan EC50 for mycelial growth was 0·06 g L −1.
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae2pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0·06 g L −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effective concentration of chitosan that reduced mycelial growth by 50% (EC 50 ) was 0·06 g L −1”
e1“grapevine leaves”
e2“B. cinerea growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar chitosan reduced Chardonnay leaf lesions by up to 85%.
- Taxon
- Chardonnaye0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- lesion diametere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- up to 85%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitosan protected detached Chardonnay leaves against B. cinerea and reduced lesion diameter by up to 85% compared with untreated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar chitosan induced peroxidase activity in treated leaves.
- Taxon
- Chardonnaye1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- chitosane2
- Gene
- Peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- Peroxidasee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activities were also induced in treated leaves.”
e1“detached Chardonnay leaves against B. cinerea”
e2“chitosan protected detached Chardonnay leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar chitosan induced phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity in treated leaves.
- Taxon
- Chardonnaye1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- chitosane2
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia‐lyasee0
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activitiese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activities were also induced in treated leaves.”
e1“detached Chardonnay leaves against B. cinerea”
e2“chitosan protected detached Chardonnay leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated programme gave 7·4% Chardonnay bunch rot severity in 2007 versus 15·5% untreated.
- Taxon
- Chardonnaye0
- Treatment
- integrated programme that included chitosan sprayse0
- Outcome
- botrytis bunch rot severitye0
- Value
- 7·4%e0
- Qualifier
- 15·5%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Chardonnay winegrapes exhibited 7·4% botrytis bunch rot severity at harvest in 2007 after treatment with an integrated programme that included chitosan sprays from bunch closure until 2 weeks preharvest, compared with 15·5% in untreated controls and 5·9% with fungicide treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide treatment gave 5·9% Chardonnay bunch rot severity in 2007.
- Taxon
- Chardonnaye0
- Treatment
- fungicide treatmente0
- Outcome
- botrytis bunch rot severitye0
- Value
- 5·9%e0
- Qualifier
- 15·5%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Chardonnay winegrapes exhibited 7·4% botrytis bunch rot severity at harvest in 2007 after treatment with an integrated programme that included chitosan sprays from bunch closure until 2 weeks preharvest, compared with 15·5% in untreated controls and 5·9% with fungicide treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Next season the integrated programme yielded 21% severity versus 44% untreated.
- Taxon
- Chardonnaye0
- Treatment
- integrated programmee0
- Outcome
- botrytis bunch rot severitye0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Qualifier
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- untreated Chardonnaye0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“botrytis bunch rot severity was 44% in untreated Chardonnay at harvest and the integrated programme (21%) was less effective than fungicides (13·8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Next season fungicides yielded 13·8% severity and outperformed the integrated programme.
- Taxon
- Chardonnaye0
- Treatment
- fungicidese0
- Outcome
- botrytis bunch rot severitye0
- Value
- 13·8%e0
- Qualifier
- 21%e0
- Comparator
- integrated programmee0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“botrytis bunch rot severity was 44% in untreated Chardonnay at harvest and the integrated programme (21%) was less effective than fungicides (13·8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
In Sauvignon blanc, the integrated programme reduced bunch rot severity to 4%.
Verbatim
e0“in Sauvignon blanc winegrapes, the integrated and the fungicide programme each reduced botrytis bunch rot severity to 4% and were significantly different from the untreated control (11·5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
In Sauvignon blanc, fungicide treatment reduced bunch rot severity to 4%.
Verbatim
e0“in Sauvignon blanc winegrapes, the integrated and the fungicide programme each reduced botrytis bunch rot severity to 4% and were significantly different from the untreated control (11·5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude chitosan suppresses winegrape botrytis by direct and indirect modes.
- Taxon
- winegrapes
Vitis viniferae0 - Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- suppression of botrytise0
- Qualifier
- direct and indirect modes of actione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suppression of botrytis in winegrapes by chitosan involves direct and indirect modes of action”
The same questions in other papers
chitosan · Botrytis cinerea · VitisResults agree
11 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.