Abstract
Flavonoids constitute a major group of plant phenolic compounds. While extensively studied in Arabidopsis, profiling and naturally occurring variation of these compounds in rice (Oryza sativa), the monocot model plant, are less reported. Using a collection of rice germplasm, comprehensive profiling and natural variation of flavonoids were presented in this report. Application of a widely targeted metabolomics method facilitated the simultaneous identification and quantification of more than 90 flavonoids using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Comparing flavonoid contents in various tissues during different developmental stages revealed tissue-specific accumulation of most flavonoids. Further investigation indicated that flavone mono-C-glycosides, malonylated flavonoid O-hexosides, and some flavonoid O-glycosides accumulated at significantly higher levels in indica than in japonica, while the opposite was observed for aromatic acylated flavone C-hexosyl-O-hexosides. In contrast to the highly differential accumulation between the two subspecies, relatively small variations within subspecies were detected for most flavonoids. Besides, an association analysis between flavonoid accumulation and its biosynthetic gene sequence polymorphisms disclosed that natural variation of flavonoids was probably caused by sequence polymorphisms in the coding region of flavonoid biosynthetic genes. Our work paves the way for future dissection of biosynthesis and regulation of flavonoid pathway in rice.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The targeted metabolomics method identified and quantified more than 90 rice flavonoids.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Outcome
- identification and quantification of more than 90 flavonoidse0
- Value
- more than 90e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of a widely targeted metabolomics method facilitated the simultaneous identification and quantification of more than 90 flavonoids using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Most rice flavonoids showed tissue-specific accumulation across developmental stages.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- various tissues during different developmental stagese0
- Outcome
- tissue-specific accumulation of most flavonoidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparing flavonoid contents in various tissues during different developmental stages revealed tissue-specific accumulation of most flavonoids.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavone mono-C-glycosides, malonylated flavonoid O-hexosides and some flavonoid O-glycosides accumulated at significantly higher levels in indica than japonica.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- indicae0
- Outcome
- flavone mono-C-glycosides, malonylated flavonoid O-hexosides, and some flavonoid O-glycosidese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- japonicae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flavone mono-C-glycosides, malonylated flavonoid O-hexosides, and some flavonoid O-glycosides accumulated at significantly higher levels in indica than in japonica”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Aromatic acylated flavone C-hexosyl-O-hexosides showed the opposite subspecies pattern, being higher in japonica than indica.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- japonicae1
- Outcome
- aromatic acylated flavone C-hexosyl-O-hexosidese0
- Direction
- oppositee0
- Comparator
- indicae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while the opposite was observed for aromatic acylated flavone C-hexosyl-O-hexosides.”
e1“higher levels in indica than in japonica”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Variation in most flavonoids within rice subspecies was relatively small.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- variations within subspeciese0
- Qualifier
- most flavonoidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relatively small variations within subspecies were detected for most flavonoids”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that coding-region polymorphisms in flavonoid biosynthetic genes probably cause natural flavonoid variation in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- flavonoid biosynthetic genese0
- Outcome
- natural variation of flavonoidse0
- Qualifier
- probablye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“natural variation of flavonoids was probably caused by sequence polymorphisms in the coding region of flavonoid biosynthetic genes”
t0“rice”