Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary is the principal etiological agent of lettuce drop in Italy and worldwide. The objectives of this study were: i) to evaluate the efficacy of source-separated municipal waste compost when used as fertilizer at a rate of 25 t ha -1 on a dry matter basis in suppressing S. sclerotiorum on lettuce; ii) to investigate the effect of compost water extract on myceliogenic germination of sclerotia; iii) to determine the effect of water extract on 6 pathogens of lettuce. In order to achieve these objectives, two lettuce crop cycles in open fields, two fungal bioassays and soil assays of sclerotial content in the laboratory were carried out in 2008. Results demonstrated that the incidence of S. sclerotiorum in open fields was significantly lower in compost than in mineral fertilized plots (-31% in average). Marketable yield was significantly higher for compost amended plots than those mineral fertilized (+ 6.5 t ha -1 in average). No variation in soil population of the pathogen was observed. Sterile water extract from mature compost was able to inhibit growth of S. sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-1 with IC50 values of 308 and 438 mg l -1 respectively, while it was not effective toward four other pathogens tested, including R. solani AG 1. S. sclerotiorum myceliogenic germination of sclerotia was also affected by water extract. Fungistasis could be one of the possible mechanisms of action, but this hypothesis does not imply that biological rather than physical mechanisms should act contemporary. Water extract of mature compost demonstrated the potential for extraction of active molecules. In addition, the extract was not phytotoxic, as reported for certain immature compost teas.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Compost reduced field S. sclerotiorum incidence relative to mineral fertilizer by 31%.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- composte0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen - Outcome
- incidence of S. sclerotiorume0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- -31%e0
- Comparator
- mineral fertilized plotse0
- Setting
- open fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results demonstrated that the incidence of S. sclerotiorum in open fields was significantly lower in compost than in mineral fertilized plots (-31% in average)”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost increased marketable lettuce yield relative to mineral fertilizer by 6.5 t ha -1.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- compost amended plotse0
- Outcome
- Marketable yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6.5 t ha -1e0
- Comparator
- mineral fertilizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Marketable yield was significantly higher for compost amended plots than those mineral fertilized (+ 6.5 t ha -1 in average)”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost did not change the soil population of the lettuce pathogen.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- composte2
- Interactor
- Sclerotinia sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume1pathogen
- Outcome
- soil population of the pathogene0
- Direction
- No variatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No variation in soil population of the pathogen was observed”
e1“Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary is the principal etiological agent of lettuce drop in Italy and worldwide”
e2“Results demonstrated that the incidence of S. sclerotiorum in open fields was significantly lower in compost than in mineral fertilized plots (-31% in average)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sterile mature compost water extract inhibited S. sclerotiorum growth at an IC50 of 308 mg l -1.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Sterile water extract from mature composte0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of S. sclerotiorume0
- Direction
- inhibite0
- Value
- 308e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sterile water extract from mature compost was able to inhibit growth of S. sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-1 with IC50 values of 308 and 438 mg l -1 respectively”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Sterile mature compost water extract inhibited Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-1 growth at an IC50 of 438 mg l -1.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Sterile water extract from mature composte0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-1Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-1e0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of S. sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-1e0
- Direction
- inhibite0
- Value
- 438 mg l -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sterile water extract from mature compost was able to inhibit growth of S. sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-1 with IC50 values of 308 and 438 mg l -1 respectively”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The extract was ineffective against four other lettuce pathogens, including R. solani AG 1.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- water extracte1
- Interactor
- R. solani AG 1
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- four other pathogens tested, including R. solani AG 1e0
- Direction
- not effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was not effective toward four other pathogens tested, including R. solani AG 1”
e1“Sterile water extract from mature compost was able to inhibit growth of S. sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-1 with IC50 values of 308 and 438 mg l -1 respectively”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost water extract affected S. sclerotiorum sclerotial myceliogenic germination.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- water extracte0
- Interactor
- S. sclerotiorumSclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen
- Outcome
- S. sclerotiorum myceliogenic germination of sclerotiae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. sclerotiorum myceliogenic germination of sclerotia was also affected by water extract”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose fungistasis as a possible mechanism of compost action.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- Fungistasise0
- Qualifier
- possible mechanisms of actione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungistasis could be one of the possible mechanisms of action”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature compost water extract was not phytotoxic to lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- extracte0
- Outcome
- not phytotoxice0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the extract was not phytotoxic, as reported for certain immature compost teas”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature compost water extract showed potential for extraction of active molecules.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- potential for extraction of active moleculese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water extract of mature compost demonstrated the potential for extraction of active molecules”
t0“lettuce”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.