Abstract
The expansion of atrazine‐resistant Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters) since the 1980s has forced New Zealand's maize‐growers to use an additional postemergence herbicide application. The frequent use of dicamba for this has selected for a common lambsquarters population with reduced sensitivity to dicamba. Initial greenhouse experiments with seeds that had been collected from the plants that survived field applications of dicamba showed that these plants could tolerate ≤1.2 kg ha −1 , fourfold the recommended rate. These dicamba‐resistant plants were morphologically distinct from the susceptible population. The leaves of the resistant plants were less dentate and a lighter shade of green. The resistant plants were shorter, had a lower biomass and growth rate and flowered ≤19 days earlier than the susceptible plants. When grown together in various density ratios, the average biomass of both the susceptible and the resistant plants increased as the number of susceptible plants decreased in the mixture. The field experiments demonstrated that the resistant population tolerated dicamba at ≤2.4 kg ha −1 , eightfold the recommended rate. Postemergence applications of bromoxynil, pyridate, nicosulfuron and mesotrione effectively controlled both populations. Nicosulfuron and mesotrione provided long‐term residual control, with nicosulfuron being more effective on the grass weeds. High rates of dicamba damaged the maize plants, resulting in an increased weed cover and reduced grain yield. The number of viable common lambsquarters seeds in the soil seed bank at the end of the growing season declined in the treatments in which common lambsquarters was controlled effectively.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba-resistant plants could tolerate dicamba at up to 1.2 kg/ha, fourfold the recommended rate, in greenhouse experiments.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium album
Chenopodium albumt0 - Treatment
- dicambae1
- Outcome
- toleratee1
- Value
- ≤1.2 kg ha −1e1
- Comparator
- the recommended ratee1
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e1“Initial greenhouse experiments with seeds that had been collected from the plants that survived field applications of dicamba showed that these plants could tolerate ≤1.2 kg ha −1 , fourfold the recommended rate”
Claim · model-written summary
The resistant population tolerated dicamba at up to 2.4 kg/ha, eightfold the recommended rate, in field experiments.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- dicambae2
- Outcome
- toleratede2
- Value
- ≤2.4 kg ha −1e2
- Comparator
- the recommended ratee2
- Setting
- field experimentse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e2“The field experiments demonstrated that the resistant population tolerated dicamba at ≤2.4 kg ha −1 , eightfold the recommended rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant plants were morphologically distinct from the susceptible population.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Outcome
- morphologically distincte3
- Comparator
- susceptible populatione3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e3“plants were morphologically distinct from the susceptible population”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves of resistant plants were less dentate and a lighter shade of green.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Outcome
- less dentate and a lighter shade of greene4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e4“The leaves of the resistant plants were less dentate and a lighter shade of green”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant plants were shorter and had a lower biomass and growth rate than susceptible plants.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Outcome
- shorter, had a lower biomass and growth ratee5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Comparator
- susceptible plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e5“The resistant plants were shorter, had a lower biomass and growth rate and flowered ≤19 days earlier than the susceptible plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant plants flowered up to 19 days earlier than susceptible plants.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Outcome
- flowerede5
- Direction
- earliere5
- Value
- ≤19 dayse5
- Comparator
- susceptible plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e5“The resistant plants were shorter, had a lower biomass and growth rate and flowered ≤19 days earlier than the susceptible plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In mixtures at various density ratios, average biomass of both susceptible and resistant plants increased as the number of susceptible plants decreased.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- various density ratiose6
- Outcome
- average biomasse6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e6“When grown together in various density ratios, the average biomass of both the susceptible and the resistant plants increased as the number of susceptible plants decreased in the mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
Postemergence applications of bromoxynil effectively controlled both susceptible and resistant populations.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- bromoxynile7
- Outcome
- controllede7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e7“Postemergence applications of bromoxynil, pyridate, nicosulfuron and mesotrione effectively controlled both populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Postemergence applications of pyridate effectively controlled both susceptible and resistant populations.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- pyridatee7
- Outcome
- controllede7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e7“Postemergence applications of bromoxynil, pyridate, nicosulfuron and mesotrione effectively controlled both populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Postemergence applications of nicosulfuron effectively controlled both susceptible and resistant populations.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- nicosulfurone7
- Outcome
- controllede7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e7“Postemergence applications of bromoxynil, pyridate, nicosulfuron and mesotrione effectively controlled both populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Postemergence applications of mesotrione effectively controlled both susceptible and resistant populations.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- mesotrionee7
- Outcome
- controllede7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e7“Postemergence applications of bromoxynil, pyridate, nicosulfuron and mesotrione effectively controlled both populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicosulfuron provided long-term residual control of common lambsquarters.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- nicosulfurone1
- Outcome
- residual controle1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e1“Nicosulfuron and mesotrione provided long‐term residual control, with nicosulfuron being more effective on the grass weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Mesotrione provided long-term residual control of common lambsquarters.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- mesotrionee1
- Outcome
- residual controle1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e1“Nicosulfuron and mesotrione provided long‐term residual control, with nicosulfuron being more effective on the grass weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicosulfuron was more effective than mesotrione on grass weeds.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium albumChenopodium albumt0
- Treatment
- nicosulfurone1
- Outcome
- effective on the grass weedse1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
- Comparator
- mesotrionee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e1“Nicosulfuron and mesotrione provided long‐term residual control, with nicosulfuron being more effective on the grass weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
High rates of dicamba damaged maize plants.
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“High rates of dicamba damaged the maize plants, resulting in an increased weed cover and reduced grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
High rates of dicamba increased weed cover in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“High rates of dicamba damaged the maize plants, resulting in an increased weed cover and reduced grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
High rates of dicamba reduced grain yield of maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“High rates of dicamba damaged the maize plants, resulting in an increased weed cover and reduced grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of viable common lambsquarters seeds in the soil seed bank declined where the weed was controlled effectively.
- Taxon
- common lambsquartersChenopodium albume3
- Organ / stage
- seedse3
- Treatment
- controlled effectivelye3
- Outcome
- number of viable common lambsquarters seeds in the soil seed banke3
- Direction
- declinede3
- Setting
- at the end of the growing seasone3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e3“The number of viable common lambsquarters seeds in the soil seed bank at the end of the growing season declined in the treatments in which common lambsquarters was controlled effectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Frequent dicamba use selected for a common lambsquarters population with reduced sensitivity to dicamba.
- Taxon
- common lambsquartersChenopodium albume4
- Treatment
- frequent use of dicambae4
- Outcome
- sensitivity to dicambae4
- Direction
- reducede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)”
e4“The frequent use of dicamba for this has selected for a common lambsquarters population with reduced sensitivity to dicamba”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.