Abstract
The activity of protein O-mannosyltransferases (Pmts) affects the morphogenesis and virulence of fungal pathogens. Recently, PMT genes have been shown to determine the sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the antifungal peptide PAF26. This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum. The Pdpmt genes are expressed during fungal growth and fruit infection, with the highest induction for Pdpmt2. Pdpmt2 complemented the growth defect of the S. cerevisiae Δpmt2 strain. The Pdpmt2 gene mutation in P. digitatum caused pleiotropic effects, including a reduction in fungal growth and virulence, whereas its constitutive expression had no phenotypic effect. The Pdpmt2 null mutants also showed a distinctive colourless phenotype with a strong reduction in the number of conidia, which was associated with severe alterations in the development of conidiophores. Additional effects of the Pdpmt2 mutation were hyphal morphological alterations, increased sensitivity to cell wall-interfering compounds and a blockage of invasive growth. In contrast, the Pdpmt2 mutation increased tolerance to oxidative stress and to the antifungal activity of PAF26. These data confirm the role of protein O-glycosylation in the PAF26-mediated antifungal mechanism present in distantly related fungal species. Important to future crop protection strategies, this study demonstrates that a mutation rendering fungi more resistant to an antifungal peptide results in severe deleterious effects on fungal growth and virulence.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Pdpmt genes are expressed during fungal growth and fruit infection of citrus, with the highest induction for Pdpmt2.
- Organ / stage
- fruite2
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium digitatume1pathogen - Gene
- Pdpmt2e2
- Outcome
- expressed during fungal growth and fruit infectione2
- Direction
- higheste2
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum”
e2“The Pdpmt genes are expressed during fungal growth and fruit infection, with the highest induction for Pdpmt2”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pdpmt2 gene mutation reduced P. digitatum growth and virulence on citrus.
- Treatment
- Pdpmt2 gene mutatione3
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume1pathogen
- Gene
- Pdpmt2e3
- Outcome
- fungal growth and virulencee3
- Direction
- reductione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum”
e3“The Pdpmt2 gene mutation in P. digitatum caused pleiotropic effects, including a reduction in fungal growth and virulence, whereas its constitutive expression had no phenotypic effect”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pdpmt2 null mutants strongly reduced P. digitatum conidia production on citrus.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum”
e4“The Pdpmt2 null mutants also showed a distinctive colourless phenotype with a strong reduction in the number of conidia, which was associated with severe alterations in the development of conidiophores”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pdpmt2 null mutants caused severe alterations in conidiophore development.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum”
e4“The Pdpmt2 null mutants also showed a distinctive colourless phenotype with a strong reduction in the number of conidia, which was associated with severe alterations in the development of conidiophores”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pdpmt2 mutation caused hyphal morphological alterations of P. digitatum on citrus.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum”
e5“Additional effects of the Pdpmt2 mutation were hyphal morphological alterations, increased sensitivity to cell wall-interfering compounds and a blockage of invasive growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pdpmt2 mutation increased P. digitatum sensitivity to cell wall-interfering compounds.
- Treatment
- Pdpmt2 mutatione5
- Outcome
- sensitivity to cell wall-interfering compoundse5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum”
e5“Additional effects of the Pdpmt2 mutation were hyphal morphological alterations, increased sensitivity to cell wall-interfering compounds and a blockage of invasive growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pdpmt2 mutation blocked invasive growth of P. digitatum on citrus.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum”
e5“Additional effects of the Pdpmt2 mutation were hyphal morphological alterations, increased sensitivity to cell wall-interfering compounds and a blockage of invasive growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pdpmt2 mutation increased P. digitatum tolerance to oxidative stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum”
e6“In contrast, the Pdpmt2 mutation increased tolerance to oxidative stress and to the antifungal activity of PAF26”
Claim · model-written summary
The Pdpmt2 mutation increased P. digitatum tolerance to the antifungal activity of PAF26.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum”
e6“In contrast, the Pdpmt2 mutation increased tolerance to oxidative stress and to the antifungal activity of PAF26”
Claim · model-written summary
Constitutive expression of Pdpmt2 had no phenotypic effect on P. digitatum.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum”
e3“The Pdpmt2 gene mutation in P. digitatum caused pleiotropic effects, including a reduction in fungal growth and virulence, whereas its constitutive expression had no phenotypic effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein O-glycosylation is asserted to play a role in the PAF26-mediated antifungal mechanism.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study reports the identification and characterization of the three Pdpmt genes in the citrus post-harvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum”
e7“These data confirm the role of protein O-glycosylation in the PAF26-mediated antifungal mechanism present in distantly related fungal species”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.