Abstract
Acting as a major Ca2+ sensor, calmodulin (CaM) activates target proteins to regulate a variety of cellular processes. Here, we report that CaM–target binding is disturbed by a fungal virulence effector PdCDIE1 (Penicillium digitatum Cell Death-Inducing Effector 1), which results into reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent plant cell death. PdCDIE1 is an evolutionarily conserved fungal effector that exhibits plant cell death-inducing activity and contributes significantly to pathogen virulence. PdCDIE1 interacts with a plant heat shock protein Hsp70 that is antagonistic to ROS-dependent plant cell death. Hsp70 is a bona fide target of CaM and its CaM-binding domain also interacts with N-terminal PdCDIE1. The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection. Application of a CaM inhibitor and silencing of CaM genes induce plant cell death and high levels of ROS as PdCDIE1 does. These results reveal a molecular framework of effector-triggered susceptibility which integrates Ca2+ sensing and ROS homeostasis to induce plant cell death. Calmodulin (CaM) activates target proteins to regulate a variety of cellular processes. Here, the authors report that CaM–target binding is disturbed by a fungal effector PdCDIE1, leading to ROS-dependent plant cell death.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
PdCDIE1 disturbs CaM-target binding and results in ROS-dependent plant cell death in citrus fruit.
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium digitatume1pathogen - Gene
- PdCDIE1e1
- Outcome
- plant cell deathe1
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, we report that CaM–target binding is disturbed by a fungal virulence effector PdCDIE1 (Penicillium digitatum Cell Death-Inducing Effector 1), which results into reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent plant cell death”
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
Claim · model-written summary
PdCDIE1 exhibits plant cell death-inducing activity in citrus fruit.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“PdCDIE1 is an evolutionarily conserved fungal effector that exhibits plant cell death-inducing activity and contributes significantly to pathogen virulence”
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
Claim · model-written summary
PdCDIE1 contributes significantly to pathogen virulence of Penicillium digitatum.
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume1pathogen
- Gene
- PdCDIE1e2
- Outcome
- pathogen virulencee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Here, we report that CaM–target binding is disturbed by a fungal virulence effector PdCDIE1 (Penicillium digitatum Cell Death-Inducing Effector 1), which results into reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent plant cell death”
e2“PdCDIE1 is an evolutionarily conserved fungal effector that exhibits plant cell death-inducing activity and contributes significantly to pathogen virulence”
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
Claim · model-written summary
PdCDIE1 interacts with a plant heat shock protein Hsp70 in citrus fruit.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“PdCDIE1 interacts with a plant heat shock protein Hsp70 that is antagonistic to ROS-dependent plant cell death”
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Hsp70 is antagonistic to ROS-dependent plant cell death.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“PdCDIE1 interacts with a plant heat shock protein Hsp70 that is antagonistic to ROS-dependent plant cell death”
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Hsp70 is a target of CaM.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Hsp70 is a bona fide target of CaM and its CaM-binding domain also interacts with N-terminal PdCDIE1”
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
Claim · model-written summary
The CaM-binding domain of Hsp70 interacts with N-terminal PdCDIE1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Hsp70 is a bona fide target of CaM and its CaM-binding domain also interacts with N-terminal PdCDIE1”
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
Claim · model-written summary
The CaM and Hsp70 interaction in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
Claim · model-written summary
The CaM and Hsp70 interaction in citrus fruit is recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection, compared with pathogen infection.
- Treatment
- ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infectione5
- Outcome
- interaction between CaM and Hsp70e5
- Direction
- recoverede5
- Comparator
- pathogen infectione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of a CaM inhibitor induces plant cell death and high levels of ROS, as PdCDIE1 does.
- Treatment
- Application of a CaM inhibitore6
- Outcome
- plant cell death and high levels of ROSe6
- Direction
- inducee6
- Comparator
- PdCDIE1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
e6“Application of a CaM inhibitor and silencing of CaM genes induce plant cell death and high levels of ROS as PdCDIE1 does”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing of CaM genes induces plant cell death and high levels of ROS, as PdCDIE1 does.
- Treatment
- silencing of CaM genese6
- Outcome
- plant cell death and high levels of ROSe6
- Direction
- inducee6
- Comparator
- PdCDIE1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
e6“Application of a CaM inhibitor and silencing of CaM genes induce plant cell death and high levels of ROS as PdCDIE1 does”
Claim · model-written summary
The effector-triggered susceptibility integrates Ca2+ sensing and ROS homeostasis to induce plant cell death.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The interaction between CaM and Hsp70 in citrus fruit is disturbed during pathogen infection but recovered during ΔPdCDIE1 mutant infection”
e7“These results reveal a molecular framework of effector-triggered susceptibility which integrates Ca2+ sensing and ROS homeostasis to induce plant cell death”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · physiology: oxidative · CitrusResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.