Abstract
This study examined the effect of factory and slaked lime, cruciferous plants, poultry, liquid swine and liquid cattle manure on infection of soilborne pathogens, especially Aphanomyces spp., on sugarbeet and spinach in greenhouse and field experiments. Soil samples collected from infected fields were brought to the laboratory and used for current greenhouse experiments. Lime or manure were mixed with soil, filled into plastic pots and sown with sugarbeet or spinach seeds. After four weeks the infections of the plants were assessed by using a disease severity index (DSI). The study did also investigate how different placements of lime in soil effected soilborne pathogens, and how soil pH was affected by different lime applications. The field experiments were carried out in 2003 on spinach fields at two commercial farms in southern Sweden. In late July, two weeks before seeding, liquid manure (swine, 20 ton/ha; cattle, 40 ton/ha) were applied and cultivated with a harrow or a plough. On one experimental site were cruciferous plants grown as precrop. Moving of the cruciferous plants was done about a week prior to tillage. The effect of the treatments on the infection of the soilborne pathogens was determined by counting the plant appearance in two occasions and by assessment of a disease severity index of the roots. Cattle manure reduced root rot the most and lowered the DSI from 40 to 30, but swine manure and cruciferous plants had also good effect on soilborne pathogens in the field experiment. Both plant appearance and spinach yield were benefited by cattle and swine manure. All organic amendments and lime treatments suppressed the severity of root rot in the experiments. Liquid swine manure lowered the DSI in sugarbeet between 12% to 34% in the greenhouse experiments and the plants fresh weight increased with up to 239%. Six ton slaked lime per hectare had best effect on soilborne pathogens among the lime treatments and reduced the DSI up to 21% compared to the control. The limes placement in soil turned out to be of great importance on the effect of soilborne pathogens. According to this study should lime be applicated below seed depth for best effect against the soilborne fungi. The effect on soil pH by different lime applications was measured during 72 days. Slaked lime and factory lime increased the soil pH several pH units during the first days, which creates an unfavourable environment for many pathogens. The results from this study suggest that applications of organic amendment or lime in certain rates and conditions to infested soils have the potential to control and decrease the infection of several soilborne pathogens.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
In field experiments on spinach, cattle manure reduced root rot the most and lowered the DSI from 40 to 30.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae2 - Treatment
- Cattle manuree1
- Outcome
- root rote1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- from 40 to 30e1
- Setting
- field experimente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Cattle manure reduced root rot the most and lowered the DSI from 40 to 30, but swine manure and cruciferous plants had also good effect on soilborne pathogens in the field experiment”
e2“The field experiments were carried out in 2003 on spinach fields at two commercial farms in southern Sweden”
Claim · model-written summary
Swine manure and cruciferous plants had a good effect in reducing soilborne pathogens in the field experiment on spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae2
- Treatment
- swine manure and cruciferous plantse1
- Outcome
- soilborne pathogense1
- Direction
- good effecte1
- Setting
- field experimente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Cattle manure reduced root rot the most and lowered the DSI from 40 to 30, but swine manure and cruciferous plants had also good effect on soilborne pathogens in the field experiment”
e2“The field experiments were carried out in 2003 on spinach fields at two commercial farms in southern Sweden”
Claim · model-written summary
Cattle and swine manure benefited plant appearance and spinach yield.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Treatment
- cattle and swine manuree3
- Outcome
- plant appearance and spinach yielde3
- Direction
- benefitede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Both plant appearance and spinach yield were benefited by cattle and swine manure”
Claim · model-written summary
All organic amendments and lime treatments suppressed the severity of root rot in sugarbeet and spinach.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet and Spinach
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisSpinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- organic amendments and lime treatmentse4
- Outcome
- severity of root rote4
- Direction
- suppressede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“All organic amendments and lime treatments suppressed the severity of root rot in the experiments”
t0“Sugarbeet and Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid swine manure lowered the DSI in sugarbeet by 12% to 34% in greenhouse experiments.
- Taxon
- sugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise5
- Treatment
- Liquid swine manuree5
- Outcome
- DSIe5
- Direction
- lowerede5
- Value
- between 12% to 34%e5
- Setting
- greenhouse experimentse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Liquid swine manure lowered the DSI in sugarbeet between 12% to 34% in the greenhouse experiments and the plants fresh weight increased with up to 239%”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid swine manure increased sugarbeet plant fresh weight by up to 239% in greenhouse experiments.
- Taxon
- sugarbeetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise5
- Treatment
- Liquid swine manuree5
- Outcome
- plants fresh weighte5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- up to 239%e5
- Setting
- greenhouse experimentse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Liquid swine manure lowered the DSI in sugarbeet between 12% to 34% in the greenhouse experiments and the plants fresh weight increased with up to 239%”
Claim · model-written summary
Six ton slaked lime per hectare had the best effect on soilborne pathogens among the lime treatments.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet and SpinachBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Six ton slaked lime per hectaree6
- Outcome
- effect on soilborne pathogense6
- Direction
- best effecte6
- Comparator
- lime treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Six ton slaked lime per hectare had best effect on soilborne pathogens among the lime treatments and reduced the DSI up to 21% compared to the control”
t0“Sugarbeet and Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Six ton slaked lime per hectare reduced the DSI by up to 21% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet and SpinachBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Six ton slaked lime per hectaree6
- Outcome
- DSIe6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- up to 21%e6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Six ton slaked lime per hectare had best effect on soilborne pathogens among the lime treatments and reduced the DSI up to 21% compared to the control”
t0“Sugarbeet and Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime should be applicated below seed depth for best effect against soilborne fungi.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet and SpinachBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- lime be applicated below seed depthe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“According to this study should lime be applicated below seed depth for best effect against the soilborne fungi”
t0“Sugarbeet and Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Slaked lime and factory lime increased soil pH by several pH units during the first days.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet and SpinachBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Slaked lime and factory limee0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- several pH unitse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Slaked lime and factory lime increased the soil pH several pH units during the first days, which creates an unfavourable environment for many pathogens”
t0“Sugarbeet and Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
The placement of lime in soil was of great importance for its effect on soilborne pathogens.
- Taxon
- Sugarbeet and SpinachBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- limes placement in soile0
- Outcome
- effect of soilborne pathogense0
- Direction
- of great importancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The limes placement in soil turned out to be of great importance on the effect of soilborne pathogens”
t0“Sugarbeet and Spinach”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.