Abstract
Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable, is a popular dish among the Hakka community in Taiwan. This study aimed to examine the proximate and polyphenolic compositions of NH and evaluate its antioxidant activities using various antioxidant assays. Results showed that the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate (crude fiber), and ash contents of fresh NH were 89.46, 0.46, 0.47, 4.11 (3.65), and 5.50%, respectively. In the antioxidant studies, the NH ethanolic extract (NH-E) exhibited higher antioxidant activities than the aqueous extract (NH-H) in the antilipid peroxidation, reducing power, metal chelation, and 2,2ʹ-azino-bis(3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) or ABTS radical scavenging assays, while NH-H possessed more potent activity in the superoxide and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Compared with NH-H (6.86 mg/g for total flavonoids and 48.83 mg/g for total phenolics), NH-E showed a higher content of total flavonoids (197.21 mg/g) and total phenolics (79.43 mg/g). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the main difference between NH-H and NH-E polyphenolic contents was derived from the concentrations of kaempferol and quercetin.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh Nymphoides hydrophylla had a moisture content of 89.46%.
- Taxon
- Nymphoides hydrophylla
Nymphoides hydrophyllae5 - Outcome
- moisturee0
- Value
- 89.46e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate (crude fiber), and ash contents of fresh NH were 89.46, 0.46, 0.47, 4.11 (3.65), and 5.50%, respectively”
e5“Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh Nymphoides hydrophylla had a crude protein content of 0.46%.
- Taxon
- Nymphoides hydrophyllaNymphoides hydrophyllae5
- Outcome
- crude proteine0
- Value
- 0.46e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate (crude fiber), and ash contents of fresh NH were 89.46, 0.46, 0.47, 4.11 (3.65), and 5.50%, respectively”
e5“Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh Nymphoides hydrophylla had a crude fat content of 0.47%.
- Taxon
- Nymphoides hydrophyllaNymphoides hydrophyllae5
- Outcome
- crude fate0
- Value
- 0.47e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate (crude fiber), and ash contents of fresh NH were 89.46, 0.46, 0.47, 4.11 (3.65), and 5.50%, respectively”
e5“Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh Nymphoides hydrophylla had a carbohydrate content of 4.11% (crude fiber 3.65%).
- Taxon
- Nymphoides hydrophyllaNymphoides hydrophyllae5
- Outcome
- carbohydrate (crude fiber)e0
- Value
- 4.11e0
- Qualifier
- 3.65e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate (crude fiber), and ash contents of fresh NH were 89.46, 0.46, 0.47, 4.11 (3.65), and 5.50%, respectively”
e5“Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh Nymphoides hydrophylla had an ash content of 5.50%.
- Taxon
- Nymphoides hydrophyllaNymphoides hydrophyllae5
- Outcome
- ashe0
- Value
- 5.50e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate (crude fiber), and ash contents of fresh NH were 89.46, 0.46, 0.47, 4.11 (3.65), and 5.50%, respectively”
e5“Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethanolic extract NH-E showed higher antilipid peroxidation, reducing power and metal chelation activity than the aqueous extract NH-H.
- Taxon
- Nymphoides hydrophyllaNymphoides hydrophyllae5
- Treatment
- NH ethanolic extract (NH-E)e1
- Outcome
- antilipid peroxidation, reducing power, metal chelatione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- aqueous extract (NH-H)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the NH ethanolic extract (NH-E) exhibited higher antioxidant activities than the aqueous extract (NH-H) in the antilipid peroxidation, reducing power, metal chelation”
e5“Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethanolic extract NH-E showed higher ABTS radical scavenging activity than the aqueous extract NH-H.
- Taxon
- Nymphoides hydrophyllaNymphoides hydrophyllae5
- Treatment
- NH ethanolic extract (NH-E)e1
- Outcome
- ABTS radical scavenginge2
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- aqueous extract (NH-H)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the NH ethanolic extract (NH-E) exhibited higher antioxidant activities than the aqueous extract (NH-H) in the antilipid peroxidation, reducing power, metal chelation”
e2“or ABTS radical scavenging assays”
e5“Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
The aqueous extract NH-H showed more potent superoxide and DPPH radical scavenging activity than the ethanolic extract NH-E.
- Taxon
- Nymphoides hydrophyllaNymphoides hydrophyllae5
- Treatment
- NH-He3
- Outcome
- superoxide and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenginge3
- Direction
- more potente3
- Comparator
- NH ethanolic extract (NH-E)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the NH ethanolic extract (NH-E) exhibited higher antioxidant activities than the aqueous extract (NH-H) in the antilipid peroxidation, reducing power, metal chelation”
e3“while NH-H possessed more potent activity in the superoxide and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays”
e5“Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethanolic extract NH-E had a higher total flavonoid content (197.21 mg/g) than NH-H.
- Taxon
- Nymphoides hydrophyllaNymphoides hydrophyllae5
- Treatment
- NH-Ee4
- Outcome
- content of total flavonoidse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 197.21 mg/ge4
- Comparator
- NH-He4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Compared with NH-H (6.86 mg/g for total flavonoids and 48.83 mg/g for total phenolics), NH-E showed a higher content of total flavonoids (197.21 mg/g) and total phenolics (79.43 mg/g)”
e5“Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethanolic extract NH-E had a higher total phenolic content (79.43 mg/g) than NH-H.
- Taxon
- Nymphoides hydrophyllaNymphoides hydrophyllae5
- Treatment
- NH-Ee4
- Outcome
- total phenolicse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 79.43 mg/ge4
- Comparator
- NH-He4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Compared with NH-H (6.86 mg/g for total flavonoids and 48.83 mg/g for total phenolics), NH-E showed a higher content of total flavonoids (197.21 mg/g) and total phenolics (79.43 mg/g)”
e5“Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable”
Claim · model-written summary
Kaempferol and quercetin concentrations accounted for the main difference in polyphenolic contents between NH-H and NH-E.
- Taxon
- Nymphoides hydrophyllaNymphoides hydrophyllae5
- Treatment
- NH-H and NH-Ee6
- Compound
- kaempferol and quercetine6
- Outcome
- polyphenolic contentse6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“the main difference between NH-H and NH-E polyphenolic contents was derived from the concentrations of kaempferol and quercetin”
e5“Nymphoides hydrophylla (NH), a lesser known aquatic vegetable”