Abstract
This paper characterizes the transcriptional and metabolic response of a chilling-tolerant species to an increasingly large decrease of the temperature. Arabidopsis Col-0 was grown at 20 degrees C and transferred to 17, 14, 12, 10 or 8 degrees C for 6 and 78 h, before harvesting the rosette and profiling >22 000 transcripts, >20 enzyme activities and >80 metabolites. Most parameters showed a qualitatively similar response across the entire temperature range, with the amplitude increasing as the temperature decreased. Transcripts typically showed large changes after 6 h, which were often damped by 78 h. Genes were induced for sucrose, proline, raffinose, tocopherol and polyamine synthesis, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism, fermentation, non-phosphorylating mitochondrial electron transport, RNA processing, and protein synthesis, targeting and folding. Genes were repressed for carbonic anhydrases, vacuolar invertase, and ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling. While some enzyme activities and metabolites changed rapidly, most changed slowly. After 6 h, there was an accumulation of phosphorylated intermediates, a shift of partitioning towards sucrose, and a perturbation of glycine decarboxylation and nitrogen metabolism. By 78 h, there was an increase of the overall protein content and many enzyme activities, a general increase of carbohydrates, organic and amino acids, and an increase of many stress-responsive metabolites including raffinose, proline, tocopherol and polyamines. When the responses of transcripts and metabolism were compared, there was little agreement after 6 h, but considerable agreement after 78 h. Comparison with the published studies indicated that much, but not all, of the response was orchestrated by the CBF programme. Overall, our results showed that transcription and metabolism responded in a continuous manner across a wide range of temperatures. The general increase of enzyme activities and metabolites emphasized the positive and compensatory nature of this response.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Most parameters responded similarly across temperatures, with larger responses at lower temperatures.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- temperature decreasede0
- Outcome
- amplitudee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most parameters showed a qualitatively similar response across the entire temperature range, with the amplitude increasing as the temperature decreased”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcript changes at 6 h were often damped by 78 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- Transcriptse0
- Direction
- dampede0
- Comparator
- 6 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcripts typically showed large changes after 6 h, which were often damped by 78 h”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cooling induced genes for several biosynthetic and stress pathways.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist1
- Treatment
- decrease of temperaturet0
- Outcome
- Genese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genes were induced for sucrose, proline, raffinose, tocopherol and polyamine synthesis, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism, fermentation, non-phosphorylating mitochondrial electron transport, RNA processing, and protein synthesis, targeting and folding”
t0“decrease of temperature in the non‐freezing range”
t1“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cooling repressed genes for carbonic anhydrases, invertase, and hormone signalling.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- carbonic anhydrasese0
- Outcome
- Genese0
- Direction
- repressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genes were repressed for carbonic anhydrases, vacuolar invertase, and ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Some enzyme activities and metabolites changed rapidly, while most changed slowly.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- enzyme activities and metabolitese0
- Direction
- changed slowlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While some enzyme activities and metabolites changed rapidly, most changed slowly”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorylated intermediates accumulated by 6 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- phosphorylated intermediatese0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- After 6 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 6 h, there was an accumulation of phosphorylated intermediates”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon partitioning shifted toward sucrose after 6 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- partitioning towards sucrosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a shift of partitioning towards sucrose”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine decarboxylation and nitrogen metabolism were perturbed after 6 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- glycine decarboxylation and nitrogen metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a perturbation of glycine decarboxylation and nitrogen metabolism”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content and many enzyme activities increased by 78 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- overall protein content and many enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By 78 h, there was an increase of the overall protein content and many enzyme activities”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids generally increased by 78 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- carbohydrates, organic and amino acidse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a general increase of carbohydrates, organic and amino acids”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress responsive metabolites increased by 78 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- stress-responsive metabolites including raffinose, proline, tocopherol and polyaminese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase of many stress-responsive metabolites including raffinose, proline, tocopherol and polyamines”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcript and metabolic responses agreed little after 6 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- Arabidopsisrosettest0
- Outcome
- agreemente0
- Qualifier
- after 6 he0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was little agreement after 6 h, but considerable agreement after 78 h”
t0“Arabidopsisrosettes”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcript and metabolic responses agreed considerably after 78 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- Arabidopsisrosettest0
- Outcome
- agreemente0
- Qualifier
- after 78 he0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was little agreement after 6 h, but considerable agreement after 78 h”
t0“Arabidopsisrosettes”
Claim · model-written summary
Published-study comparison suggested CBF orchestrated much, but not all, of the response.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- CBFe0
- Outcome
- responsee0
- Qualifier
- much, but not alle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“much, but not all, of the response was orchestrated by the CBF programme”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcription and metabolism responded continuously over the temperature range.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- transcription and metabolisme0
- Qualifier
- across a wide range of temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcription and metabolism responded in a continuous manner across a wide range of temperatures”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpreted increased activities and metabolites as a positive compensatory response.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- positive and compensatory nature of this responsee0
- Qualifier
- general increase of enzyme activities and metabolitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The general increase of enzyme activities and metabolites emphasized the positive and compensatory nature of this response”
t0“Arabidopsis”