Abstract
Abstract To evaluate the fate of N in an agricultural soil treated with an N‐rich industrial byproduct, fermentation residue was applied to Yalesville fine, sandy loam at a loading rate of 75 dry metric tons/ha, or 2,130 and 1,780 kg N/ha during 1975 and 1976, respectively. Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans ( Glycine max L. Merr.) each year. The treated plots yielded 4,350 kg/ha of soybean grain compared with 3,600 kg/ha for the controls in 1975, and 4,100 kg/ha compared with 3,700 kg/ha in 1976. Yield enhancements attributable to fermentation residue application were significant ( P = 0.05) each year despite the severe repression of nodulation on treated plants compared with controls. During the growing season, NO 3 − ‐N accumulations >80 µ g/g oven dry soil were observed in the top 5 cm of treated soil, compared with accumulations of 15 µ g/g or less in the control. Further, elevated NO 3 − ‐N levels were observed in the top 91 cm of treated soil throughout the fallow and growing seasons, when compared with control plots, suggesting that some of the applied N may have been transported to the water table as NO 3 − . Populations of five physiological groups of microorganisms closely mirrored soil levels of NO 3 − ‐N and NH 4 + ‐N in both experiments. Denitrifying bacteria reached population densities of 3.0 × 10 9 /g oven dry treated soil compared with a maximum of 6.8 × 10 5 /g for control soil during the growing season. Enhanced N transforming activity by microorganisms in soil receiving fermentation residue compared with the control soil was supported by the elevated populations of NH 4 + and NO 2 − oxidizing bacteria, and NO 3 − reducing‐, denitrifying‐, and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria observed throughout the fallow and growing seasons. Although application of fermentation residue significantly increased soybean yields, the limited recovery of added N by the crop and the likelihood of substantial N losses suggest a reassessment of application rates or efforts to stabilize N applied to soils from fermentation residues.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Fermentation residue application raised soybean grain yield to 4,350 kg/ha in 1975, compared with 3,600 kg/ha for controls.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- fermentation residue applicatione2
- Outcome
- soybean graine1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 4,350 kg/hae1
- Qualifier
- 3,600 kg/ha for the controls in 1975e1
- Comparator
- controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans”
e1“The treated plots yielded 4,350 kg/ha of soybean grain compared with 3,600 kg/ha for the controls in 1975, and 4,100 kg/ha compared with 3,700 kg/ha in 1976”
e2“Yield enhancements attributable to fermentation residue application were significant ( P = 0.05) each year”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermentation residue application raised soybean grain yield to 4,100 kg/ha in 1976, compared with 3,700 kg/ha for control plots.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- fermentation residue applicatione2
- Outcome
- soybean graine1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 4,100 kg/hae1
- Qualifier
- 3,700 kg/ha in 1976e1
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans”
e1“The treated plots yielded 4,350 kg/ha of soybean grain compared with 3,600 kg/ha for the controls in 1975, and 4,100 kg/ha compared with 3,700 kg/ha in 1976”
e2“Yield enhancements attributable to fermentation residue application were significant ( P = 0.05) each year”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermentation residue application significantly increased soybean yield each year (P = 0.05).
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- fermentation residue applicatione1
- Outcome
- Yield enhancementse1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- P = 0.05e1
- Qualifier
- each yeare1
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans”
e1“Yield enhancements attributable to fermentation residue application were significant ( P = 0.05) each year”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermentation residue application severely repressed nodulation of soybean compared with controls.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- fermentation residue applicatione1
- Outcome
- nodulatione2
- Direction
- repressione2
- Comparator
- controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans”
e1“Yield enhancements attributable to fermentation residue application were significant ( P = 0.05) each year”
e2“despite the severe repression of nodulation on treated plants compared with controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate-N accumulated above 80 µg/g in the top 5 cm of fermentation-residue-treated soil, compared with 15 µg/g or less in the control.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- fermentation residue applicatione1
- Outcome
- accumulationse2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- >80 µ g/ge2
- Qualifier
- 15 µ g/g or lesse3
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- top 5 cme2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans”
e1“Yield enhancements attributable to fermentation residue application were significant ( P = 0.05) each year”
e2“accumulations >80 µ g/g oven dry soil were observed in the top 5 cm of treated soil”
e3“compared with accumulations of 15 µ g/g or less in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate-N levels were elevated in the top 91 cm of treated soil throughout the fallow and growing seasons.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- fermentation residue applicatione1
- Outcome
- NO 3 − ‐N levelse2
- Direction
- elevatede2
- Comparator
- control plotse3
- Setting
- top 91 cme2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans”
e1“Yield enhancements attributable to fermentation residue application were significant ( P = 0.05) each year”
e2“elevated NO 3 − ‐N levels were observed in the top 91 cm of treated soil throughout the fallow and growing seasons”
e3“when compared with control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Populations of five physiological groups of soil microorganisms closely mirrored soil nitrogen levels in both experiments.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- Populations of five physiological groups of microorganismse1
- Direction
- closely mirrorede1
- Setting
- in both experimentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans”
e1“Populations of five physiological groups of microorganisms closely mirrored”
e2“in both experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Denitrifying bacteria reached 3.0 × 10 9 per g in treated soil, compared with a maximum of 6.8 × 10 5 per g in control soil.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- treated soile1
- Outcome
- population densitiese1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 3.0 × 10 9 /ge1
- Comparator
- control soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans”
e1“Denitrifying bacteria reached population densities of 3.0 × 10 9 /g oven dry treated soil compared with a maximum of 6.8 × 10 5 /g for control soil during the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermentation residue enhanced N transforming activity by microorganisms compared with control soil.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- fermentation residuee1
- Outcome
- N transforming activity by microorganismse1
- Direction
- Enhancede1
- Comparator
- control soile1
- Setting
- fallow and growing seasonse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans”
e1“Enhanced N transforming activity by microorganisms in soil receiving fermentation residue compared with the control soil”
e2“heterotrophic aerobic bacteria observed throughout the fallow and growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that the recovery of added N by soybean crops was limited.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- recovery of added N by the crope1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans”
e1“the limited recovery of added N by the crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend reassessing application rates or stabilising N applied from fermentation residues.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- reassessment of application rates or efforts to stabilize N applied to soils from fermentation residuese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treated and control plots were planted to soybeans”
e1“suggest a reassessment of application rates or efforts to stabilize N applied to soils from fermentation residues”
The same questions in other papers
processing · organism · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
processing · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →processing · symbiosis · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.