Abstract
With the progressive loss of fungicide efficacy against Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR), alternative methods to protect soybean crops are needed. Resistance induction is a low impact alternative and/or supplement to fungicide applications that fortifies innate plant defenses against pathogens. Here, we show that a microbial fermentation product (MFP) induces plant defenses in soybean, and transcriptional induction is enhanced with the introduction of ASR. MFP-treated plants exhibited 1,011 and 1,877 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 12 and 60 h after treatment, respectively, compared with water controls. MFP plants exposed to the pathogen 48 h after application and sampled 12 h later (for a total of 60 h) had 2,401 DEGs compared with control. The plant defense genes PR1, PR2, IPER, PAL, and CHS were induced with MFP application, and induction was enhanced with ASR. Enriched pathways associated with pathogen defense included plant–pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, flavonoid metabolism, and isoflavonoid metabolism. In field conditions, elevated antioxidant peroxidase activities and phenolic accumulation were measured with MFP treatment; however, improved ASR control or enhanced crop yield were not observed. MFP elicitation differences between field and laboratory grown plants necessitates further testing to identify best practices for effective disease management with MFP-treated soybean.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
MFP treatment induced 1,011 differentially expressed genes 12 h after treatment compared with water controls.
- Taxon
- Glycine max
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- MFPe1
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 1,011e1
- Qualifier
- 12 and 60 h after treatment, respectivelye1
- Comparator
- water controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e1“MFP-treated plants exhibited 1,011 and 1,877 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 12 and 60 h after treatment, respectively, compared with water controls”
Claim · model-written summary
MFP treatment induced 1,877 differentially expressed genes 60 h after treatment compared with water controls.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MFPe1
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 1,877e1
- Qualifier
- 60 h after treatmente1
- Comparator
- water controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e1“MFP-treated plants exhibited 1,011 and 1,877 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 12 and 60 h after treatment, respectively, compared with water controls”
Claim · model-written summary
MFP-treated soybean exposed to the pathogen 48 h after application had 2,401 differentially expressed genes compared with control.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- exposed to the pathogen 48 h after applicatione2
- Interactor
- Phakopsora pachyrhiziPhakopsora pachyrhizie6pathogen
- Outcome
- DEGse2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 2,401e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e2“MFP plants exposed to the pathogen 48 h after application and sampled 12 h later (for a total of 60 h) had 2,401 DEGs compared with control”
e6“Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR)”
Claim · model-written summary
MFP application induced the plant defence genes PR1, PR2 and IPER.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MFP applicatione3
- Gene
- PR1, PR2, IPERe3
- Outcome
- plant defense genese3
- Direction
- inducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e3“The plant defense genes PR1, PR2, IPER, PAL, and CHS were induced with MFP application, and induction was enhanced with ASR”
Claim · model-written summary
MFP application induced the plant defence genes PAL and CHS.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MFP applicatione3
- Gene
- PAL, and CHSe3
- Outcome
- plant defense genese3
- Direction
- inducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e3“The plant defense genes PR1, PR2, IPER, PAL, and CHS were induced with MFP application, and induction was enhanced with ASR”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen exposure enhanced MFP-induced defence gene induction in soybean.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Phakopsora pachyrhiziPhakopsora pachyrhizie6pathogen
- Outcome
- inductione3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e3“The plant defense genes PR1, PR2, IPER, PAL, and CHS were induced with MFP application, and induction was enhanced with ASR”
e6“Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR)”
Claim · model-written summary
Enriched pathways associated with pathogen defence included plant–pathogen interactions, MAPK signalling and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Enriched pathways associated with pathogen defensee4
- Qualifier
- plant–pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesise4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e4“Enriched pathways associated with pathogen defense included plant–pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, flavonoid metabolism, and isoflavonoid metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Enriched pathways associated with pathogen defence included glutathione, flavonoid and isoflavonoid metabolism.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Enriched pathways associated with pathogen defensee4
- Qualifier
- glutathione metabolism, flavonoid metabolism, and isoflavonoid metabolisme4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e4“Enriched pathways associated with pathogen defense included plant–pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, flavonoid metabolism, and isoflavonoid metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
MFP treatment elevated antioxidant peroxidase activities in field-grown soybean.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MFP treatmente5
- Outcome
- antioxidant peroxidase activitiese5
- Direction
- elevatede5
- Setting
- field conditionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e5“In field conditions, elevated antioxidant peroxidase activities and phenolic accumulation were measured with MFP treatment; however, improved ASR control or enhanced crop yield were not observed”
Claim · model-written summary
MFP treatment elevated phenolic accumulation in field-grown soybean.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MFP treatmente5
- Outcome
- phenolic accumulatione5
- Direction
- elevatede5
- Setting
- field conditionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e5“In field conditions, elevated antioxidant peroxidase activities and phenolic accumulation were measured with MFP treatment; however, improved ASR control or enhanced crop yield were not observed”
Claim · model-written summary
MFP treatment did not improve Asian soybean rust control in field-grown soybean.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MFP treatmente5
- Interactor
- Phakopsora pachyrhiziPhakopsora pachyrhizie6pathogen
- Outcome
- improved ASR controle5
- Direction
- not observede5
- Setting
- field conditionse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e5“In field conditions, elevated antioxidant peroxidase activities and phenolic accumulation were measured with MFP treatment; however, improved ASR control or enhanced crop yield were not observed”
e6“Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR)”
Claim · model-written summary
MFP treatment did not enhance crop yield of field-grown soybean.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- MFP treatmente5
- Outcome
- enhanced crop yielde5
- Direction
- not observede5
- Setting
- field conditionse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Glycine max”
e5“In field conditions, elevated antioxidant peroxidase activities and phenolic accumulation were measured with MFP treatment; however, improved ASR control or enhanced crop yield were not observed”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.