Abstract
Abstract Increasing competition for water supplies and rising costs of applying water make efficient irrigation increasingly important. Yield and water use of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) and safflower ( Carthanus tinctorius L.) were evaluated on silt loam soil. Deficit irrigation treatments using the line source method were initiated near the time of canopy closure and continued until maturity. Moisture stress on sunflower and safflower caused shortened plant height, early blooming, early maturity, and decreased seed yield. In 1980 sunflower yields ranged from 2.41 to 4.50 Mg ha −1 for 2.5 to 35.0 cm irrigation. In 1981 sunflower yields ranged from 1.56 to 3.37 Mg ha −1 for 2.5 to 45.0 cm irrigation. Safflower yields in 1981 ranged from 1.84 to 5.15 Mg ha −1 for the same irrigation rates. In 1981, sunflower and safflower received the same total amount of water to produce maximum seed yield. Increased irrigation water results in increased yield for both sunflower and safflower; however, yield per unit applied water decreases with increased irrigation rates so that at some point, the expected increase in yield would not cover the cost of additional water application. Increased irrigation increased oil concentration of sunflower except for cv. 894 in 1980. Oil concentration of safflower did not respond to increased irrigation rates. It was concluded that limiting irrigation on sunflower and safflower to ≤ 30 cm permits utilization of residual soil water on silt loam soil with consequent savings in irrigation water supplies and costs of application. Soil moisture is then recharged by winter rainfall.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture stress shortened sunflower height and accelerated blooming and maturity.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- Moisture stresse0
- Outcome
- plant height, early blooming, early maturitye0
- Direction
- shortenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moisture stress on sunflower and safflower caused shortened plant height, early blooming, early maturity, and decreased seed yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture stress shortened safflower height and accelerated blooming and maturity.
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriuse0 - Treatment
- Moisture stresse0
- Outcome
- plant height, early blooming, early maturitye0
- Direction
- shortenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moisture stress on sunflower and safflower caused shortened plant height, early blooming, early maturity, and decreased seed yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture stress decreased sunflower seed yield.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Moisture stresse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moisture stress on sunflower and safflower caused shortened plant height, early blooming, early maturity, and decreased seed yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture stress decreased safflower seed yield.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- Moisture stresse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moisture stress on sunflower and safflower caused shortened plant height, early blooming, early maturity, and decreased seed yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower yield in 1980 ranged from 2.41 to 4.50 Mg ha −1 across irrigation rates.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 2.5 to 35.0 cm irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Value
- 2.41 to 4.50 Mg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1980 sunflower yields ranged from 2.41 to 4.50 Mg ha −1 for 2.5 to 35.0 cm irrigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower yield in 1981 ranged from 1.56 to 3.37 Mg ha −1 across irrigation rates.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 2.5 to 45.0 cm irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Value
- 1.56 to 3.37 Mg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1981 sunflower yields ranged from 1.56 to 3.37 Mg ha −1 for 2.5 to 45.0 cm irrigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Safflower yield in 1981 ranged from 1.84 to 5.15 Mg ha −1.
- Taxon
- SafflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Value
- 1.84 to 5.15 Mg ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Safflower yields in 1981 ranged from 1.84 to 5.15 Mg ha −1 for the same irrigation rates.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower and safflower required the same total water for maximum seed yield in 1981.
- Taxon
- sunflower and safflowerCarthamus tinctoriusHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- same total amount of water to produce maximum seed yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1981, sunflower and safflower received the same total amount of water to produce maximum seed yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
More irrigation increased sunflower yield.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Increased irrigation watere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased irrigation water results in increased yield for both sunflower and safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
More irrigation increased safflower yield.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- Increased irrigation watere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased irrigation water results in increased yield for both sunflower and safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield per unit applied water decreased as irrigation increased for sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- increased irrigation ratese0
- Outcome
- yield per unit applied watere0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield per unit applied water decreases with increased irrigation rates”
e1“for both sunflower and safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield per unit applied water decreased as irrigation increased for safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- increased irrigation ratese0
- Outcome
- yield per unit applied watere0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield per unit applied water decreases with increased irrigation rates”
e1“for both sunflower and safflower”
Claim · model-written summary
More irrigation increased sunflower oil concentration except in cv. 894 in 1980.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- cv. 894e0
- Treatment
- Increased irrigatione0
- Outcome
- oil concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except for cv. 894 in 1980e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased irrigation increased oil concentration of sunflower except for cv. 894 in 1980.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower cv. 894 did not show increased oil concentration with irrigation in 1980.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Material
- cv. 894e0
- Outcome
- oil concentratione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased irrigation increased oil concentration of sunflower except for cv. 894 in 1980.”
Claim · model-written summary
Safflower oil concentration did not respond to increased irrigation.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- increased irrigation ratese0
- Outcome
- Oil concentratione0
- Direction
- did not responde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil concentration of safflower did not respond to increased irrigation rates.”
Claim · model-written summary
Limiting irrigation to ≤ 30 cm was recommended to use residual soil water and save irrigation costs.
- Taxon
- sunflower and safflowerCarthamus tinctoriusHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- limiting irrigation on sunflower and safflower to ≤ 30 cme0
- Setting
- silt loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“limiting irrigation on sunflower and safflower to ≤ 30 cm permits utilization of residual soil water on silt loam soil with consequent savings in irrigation water supplies and costs of application.”
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