Abstract
A spergillus flavus accumulates carcinogenic aflatoxins in peanuts, mainly in immature kernels during drought. A spergillus flavus invasion induces accumulation of phytoalexins, mostly stilbenoids in peanut, as a plant defence mechanism. Because fungal laccases are often related to pathogenicity and can degrade stilbenoids, this study reports for the first time the expression of A . flavus laccases in the presence of kernels, hulls and low water potential in relation to the accumulation of phytoalexins in peanut kernels. Packed‐cell volume ( PCV ) of A . flavu s biomass was significantly higher ( P ≤ 0·01) in the presence of mature kernels, dead kernels, and mature and immature peanut hulls than the control. The presence of kernels and hulls lowered the level of expression of three A . flavus laccases by 4–6‐fold ( P < 0·01), whereas 3% sucrose up‐regulated them by 35–304‐fold, and low water potential (−1·1 MPa) up‐regulated them by 85–248‐fold ( P < 0·01). Phytoalexins that accumulated in peanut kernels in the presence of A . flavus and were quantified by HPLC ‐ DAD ‐ MS were primarily the stilbenoids: 3′‐isopentadienyl‐3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene ( IPD ), chiricanine‐ A , arachidin‐2, arachidin‐3 and arahypin‐1. Apparent degradation of phytoalexins was observed when using a priori induction of phytoalexins in seeds in combination with a priori induction of laccases in A . flavus . The up‐regulation of laccase expression observed at −1·1 MPa and at high sucrose concentration could be contributing to peanut invasion in immature kernels under drought conditions.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus flavus biomass was significantly higher in the presence of mature and immature peanut kernels and hulls than in the control.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- mature kernels, dead kernels, and mature and immature peanut hullse1
- Interactor
- A . flavu se1pathogen
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A spergillus flavus invasion induces accumulation of phytoalexins, mostly stilbenoids in peanut, as a plant defence mechanism”
e1“Packed‐cell volume ( PCV ) of A . flavu s biomass was significantly higher ( P ≤ 0·01) in the presence of mature kernels, dead kernels, and mature and immature peanut hulls than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernels and hulls lowered the expression of three Aspergillus flavus laccases by 4-6 fold.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- presence of kernels and hullse2
- Interactor
- A . flavuse2pathogen
- Gene
- laccasese2
- Outcome
- level of expressione2
- Direction
- lowerede2
- Value
- 4–6‐folde2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A spergillus flavus invasion induces accumulation of phytoalexins, mostly stilbenoids in peanut, as a plant defence mechanism”
e2“The presence of kernels and hulls lowered the level of expression of three A . flavus laccases by 4–6‐fold ( P < 0·01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three sucrose-induced Aspergillus flavus laccases were up-regulated 35-304 fold by 3% sucrose.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- 3% sucrosee3
- Interactor
- A . flavuse2pathogen
- Gene
- laccasese2
- Outcome
- level of expressione2
- Direction
- up‐regulatede3
- Value
- 35–304‐folde3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A spergillus flavus invasion induces accumulation of phytoalexins, mostly stilbenoids in peanut, as a plant defence mechanism”
e2“The presence of kernels and hulls lowered the level of expression of three A . flavus laccases by 4–6‐fold ( P < 0·01)”
e3“whereas 3% sucrose up‐regulated them by 35–304‐fold”
Claim · model-written summary
Three Aspergillus flavus laccases were up-regulated 85-248 fold at low water potential.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- low water potential (−1·1 MPa)e4
- Interactor
- A . flavuse2pathogen
- Gene
- laccasese2
- Outcome
- level of expressione2
- Direction
- up‐regulatede4
- Value
- 85–248‐folde4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A spergillus flavus invasion induces accumulation of phytoalexins, mostly stilbenoids in peanut, as a plant defence mechanism”
e2“The presence of kernels and hulls lowered the level of expression of three A . flavus laccases by 4–6‐fold ( P < 0·01)”
e4“low water potential (−1·1 MPa) up‐regulated them by 85–248‐fold”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytoalexins accumulated in peanut kernels in the presence of Aspergillus flavus, primarily stilbenoids.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Organ / stage
- peanut kernelse5
- Interactor
- A . flavu se5pathogen
- Outcome
- Phytoalexins that accumulatede5
- Qualifier
- primarily the stilbenoidse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A spergillus flavus invasion induces accumulation of phytoalexins, mostly stilbenoids in peanut, as a plant defence mechanism”
e5“Phytoalexins that accumulated in peanut kernels in the presence of A . flavu s”
e6“were primarily the stilbenoids”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent degradation of phytoalexins was observed when phytoalexins were induced in seeds together with a priori induction of Aspergillus flavus laccases.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Organ / stage
- seedse6
- Interactor
- A . flavu se6pathogen
- Outcome
- degradation of phytoalexinse6
- Qualifier
- a priori induction of phytoalexins in seeds in combination with a priori induction of laccases in A . flavu se6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A spergillus flavus invasion induces accumulation of phytoalexins, mostly stilbenoids in peanut, as a plant defence mechanism”
e6“Apparent degradation of phytoalexins was observed when using a priori induction of phytoalexins in seeds in combination with a priori induction of laccases in A . flavu s”
Claim · model-written summary
Up-regulation of Aspergillus flavus laccase expression at low water potential and high sucrose could contribute to peanut invasion of immature kernels under drought.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae7
- Organ / stage
- immature kernelse7
- Outcome
- peanut invasione7
- Qualifier
- up‐regulation of laccase expression observed at −1·1 MPa and at high sucrose concentratione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The up‐regulation of laccase expression observed at −1·1 MPa and at high sucrose concentration could be contributing to peanut invasion in immature kernels under drought conditions”