Abstract
The potential of anaerobically digested orange waste with (AAD) and without (AD) aerobic post-treatment for use in agriculture was evaluated through chemical analyses, short-term phytotoxicity and long-term plant assays. Chemical analyses showed that AD contained ammonia and organic acids, and aerobic post-treatment did not significantly remove these phytotoxins. The N:P2O5:K2O ratio in AD was 1:0.26:0.96 and aerobic post-treatment did not change the composition in AAD except for K2O (1:0.26:1.24). Heavy metal contents in AD and AAD were more or less the same and were below the upper limit recommended for non-sewage sludge application on agricultural soils. Short-term phytotoxicity tests showed that seed germination and root elongation of Chinese cabbage and ryegrass were severely inhibited at digestate concentrations of 60-100%. Germination index values were well below the score of 50% required to indicate the phytotoxic-free nature of compost. Long-term plant assays showed that AD and AAD, when supplemented with a base fertilizer, resulted in higher plant growth, and fresh weight and dry matter production than AD without base fertilizer. The results thus indicate that aerobic post-treatment did not have any significant beneficial effect on reducing phytotoxicity, and AD could be used as such on agricultural soils, especially with high P.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Digestate at 60–100% severely inhibited seed germination of Chinese cabbage and ryegrass.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbage
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0 - Treatment
- digestate concentrations of 60-100%e0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- severely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed germination and root elongation of Chinese cabbage and ryegrass were severely inhibited at digestate concentrations of 60-100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Digestate at 60–100% severely inhibited root elongation of Chinese cabbage and ryegrass.
LoliumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed germination and root elongation of Chinese cabbage and ryegrass were severely inhibited at digestate concentrations of 60-100%”
Claim · model-written summary
The germination index fell well below the 50% phytotoxicity-free threshold.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Germination index values were well below the score of 50% required to indicate the phytotoxic-free nature of compost”
Claim · model-written summary
Base fertilizer supplementation of AD and AAD produced higher plant growth than AD alone.
- Treatment
- supplemented with a base fertilizere0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- AD without base fertilizere0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“AD and AAD, when supplemented with a base fertilizer, resulted in higher plant growth, and fresh weight and dry matter production than AD without base fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Base fertilizer supplementation of AD and AAD increased fresh weight and dry matter production relative to AD alone.
- Treatment
- supplemented with a base fertilizere0
- Outcome
- fresh weight and dry matter productione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- AD without base fertilizere0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“AD and AAD, when supplemented with a base fertilizer, resulted in higher plant growth, and fresh weight and dry matter production than AD without base fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerobic post-treatment did not significantly reduce phytotoxicity.
- Treatment
- aerobic post-treatmente0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye0
- Direction
- did not have any significant beneficial effecte0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“aerobic post-treatment did not have any significant beneficial effect on reducing phytotoxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest AD could be applied to agricultural soils, especially those high in phosphorus.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“AD could be used as such on agricultural soils, especially with high P”
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