Abstract
ABSTRACT Freezing was used to induce controlled damage to apple and potato parenchyma. As the tissue freezes ice crystals form extra‐ or intracellularly, pushing the cells apart or rupturing cell walls producing large voids within the tissue. Mechanical tests (wedge penetration, tensile and compression) on specimens frozen to a certain temperature at a controlled rate and thawed show that the changes in the mechanical behaviour of the material are directly related to the degree of cell damage. As the tissue freezes, the fastest rate of tissue damage occurs between ‐3C and ‐10C. In this range there is a marked decrease in stiffness and an increase in the deformation required to cause failure. In apples, slow freezing leads to the intercellular spaces expanding, increasing their aspect ratio and hence, the anisotropy of the tissue. The increasing number of voids increases crack‐stopping and ductility; more energy is dissipated in flow elevating the fracture toughness. Toughness then decreases with further damage. This effect can be mimicked with brittle paper: fracture toughness of tracing paper initially increases with increasing number of holes punched randomly in it.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in mechanical behaviour of frozen and thawed apple and potato tissue were directly related to the degree of cell damage.
- Taxon
- apple and potato
Malus domestica
Solanum tuberosume0 - Organ / stage
- parenchymae0
- Outcome
- mechanical behavioure1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Freezing was used to induce controlled damage to apple and potato parenchyma”
e1“the changes in the mechanical behaviour of the material are directly related to the degree of cell damage”
Claim · model-written summary
The fastest rate of tissue damage during freezing occurred between -3C and -10C.
- Taxon
- apple and potatoMalus domesticaSolanum tuberosume0
- Outcome
- fastest rate of tissue damagee1
- Qualifier
- ‐3C and ‐10Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Freezing was used to induce controlled damage to apple and potato parenchyma”
e1“the fastest rate of tissue damage occurs between ‐3C and ‐10C”
Claim · model-written summary
In that temperature range there was a marked decrease in tissue stiffness.
- Taxon
- apple and potatoMalus domesticaSolanum tuberosume0
- Outcome
- stiffnesse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Freezing was used to induce controlled damage to apple and potato parenchyma”
e1“In this range there is a marked decrease in stiffness”
Claim · model-written summary
In that temperature range the deformation required to cause failure increased.
- Taxon
- apple and potatoMalus domesticaSolanum tuberosume0
- Outcome
- deformation required to cause failuree1
- Direction
- increasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Freezing was used to induce controlled damage to apple and potato parenchyma”
e1“an increase in the deformation required to cause failure”
Claim · model-written summary
In apples, slow freezing led to the intercellular spaces expanding.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- slow freezinge0
- Outcome
- intercellular spacese0
- Direction
- expandinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In apples, slow freezing leads to the intercellular spaces expanding”
Claim · model-written summary
In apples, slow freezing increased the aspect ratio of intercellular spaces and hence the anisotropy of the tissue.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- slow freezinge0
- Outcome
- aspect ratio and hence, the anisotropy of the tissuee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In apples, slow freezing leads to the intercellular spaces expanding, increasing their aspect ratio and hence, the anisotropy of the tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
The increasing number of voids increased crack-stopping and ductility of the frozen tissue.
- Taxon
- apple and potatoMalus domesticaSolanum tuberosume0
- Outcome
- crack-stopping and ductilitye1
- Direction
- increasese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Freezing was used to induce controlled damage to apple and potato parenchyma”
e1“The increasing number of voids increases crack-stopping and ductility”
Claim · model-written summary
More energy was dissipated in flow, elevating fracture toughness.
- Taxon
- apple and potatoMalus domesticaSolanum tuberosume0
- Outcome
- fracture toughnesse1
- Direction
- elevatinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Freezing was used to induce controlled damage to apple and potato parenchyma”
e1“more energy is dissipated in flow elevating the fracture toughness”
Claim · model-written summary
Toughness then decreased with further damage.
- Taxon
- apple and potatoMalus domesticaSolanum tuberosume0
- Outcome
- Toughnesse1
- Direction
- decreasese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Freezing was used to induce controlled damage to apple and potato parenchyma”
e1“Toughness then decreases with further damage”