Abstract
Recent findings have suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules for regulating plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress and that there exist source- and kind-specific pathways for ROS signaling. In plant cells, a major source of ROS is chloroplasts, in which thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX) plays a role in the regulation of H(2)O(2) levels. Here, to clarify the signaling function of H(2)O(2) derived from the chloroplast, we created a conditional system for producing H(2)O(2) in the organelle by chemical-dependent tAPX silencing using estrogen-inducible RNAi. When the expression of tAPX was silenced in leaves, levels of oxidized protein in chloroplasts increased in the absence of stress. Microarray analysis revealed that tAPX silencing affects the expression of a large set of genes, some of which are involved in the response to chilling and pathogens. In response to tAPX silencing, the transcript levels of C-repeat/DRE binding factor (CBF1), a central regulator for cold acclimation, was suppressed, resulting in a high sensitivity of tAPX-silenced plants to cold. Furthermore, tAPX silencing enhanced the levels of salicylic acid (SA) and the response to SA. Interestingly, we found that tAPX silencing-responsive genes were up- or down-regulated by high light (HL) and that tAPX silencing had a negative effect on expression of ROS-responsive genes under HL, suggesting synergistic and antagonistic roles of chloroplastic H(2)O(2) in HL response. These findings provide a new insight into the role of H(2)O(2)-triggered retrograde signaling from chloroplasts in the response to stress in planta.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing of tAPX increased oxidized protein levels in chloroplasts of leaves in the absence of stress.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- expression of tAPX was silencede0
- Outcome
- levels of oxidized protein in chloroplastse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in the absence of stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In response to tAPX silencing, the transcript levels of C-repeat/DRE binding factor (CBF1), a central regulator for cold acclimation, was suppressed, resulting in a high sensitivity of tAPX-silenced plants to cold”
e0“When the expression of tAPX was silenced in leaves, levels of oxidized protein in chloroplasts increased in the absence of stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Microarray analysis showed that tAPX silencing affected expression of a large set of genes, some involved in chilling and pathogen responses.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Treatment
- tAPX silencinge2
- Outcome
- expression of a large set of genese2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e1“In response to tAPX silencing, the transcript levels of C-repeat/DRE binding factor (CBF1), a central regulator for cold acclimation, was suppressed, resulting in a high sensitivity of tAPX-silenced plants to cold”
e2“Microarray analysis revealed that tAPX silencing affects the expression of a large set of genes, some of which are involved in the response to chilling and pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
tAPX silencing suppressed CBF1 transcript levels.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Treatment
- tAPX silencinge1
- Gene
- CBF1e1
- Outcome
- transcript levels of C-repeat/DRE binding factor (CBF1)e1
- Direction
- suppressede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In response to tAPX silencing, the transcript levels of C-repeat/DRE binding factor (CBF1), a central regulator for cold acclimation, was suppressed, resulting in a high sensitivity of tAPX-silenced plants to cold”
Claim · model-written summary
tAPX-silenced plants showed a high sensitivity to cold.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Treatment
- tAPX silencinge1
- Outcome
- a high sensitivity of tAPX-silenced plants to colde1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e1“In response to tAPX silencing, the transcript levels of C-repeat/DRE binding factor (CBF1), a central regulator for cold acclimation, was suppressed, resulting in a high sensitivity of tAPX-silenced plants to cold”
Claim · model-written summary
tAPX silencing enhanced the levels of salicylic acid and the response to salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Treatment
- tAPX silencinge3
- Outcome
- levels of salicylic acid (SA) and the response to SAe3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In response to tAPX silencing, the transcript levels of C-repeat/DRE binding factor (CBF1), a central regulator for cold acclimation, was suppressed, resulting in a high sensitivity of tAPX-silenced plants to cold”
e3“Furthermore, tAPX silencing enhanced the levels of salicylic acid (SA) and the response to SA”
Claim · model-written summary
tAPX silencing-responsive genes were up- or down-regulated by high light.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Treatment
- high light (HL)e4
- Outcome
- tAPX silencing-responsive genese4
- Direction
- up- or down-regulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In response to tAPX silencing, the transcript levels of C-repeat/DRE binding factor (CBF1), a central regulator for cold acclimation, was suppressed, resulting in a high sensitivity of tAPX-silenced plants to cold”
e4“Interestingly, we found that tAPX silencing-responsive genes were up- or down-regulated by high light (HL) and that tAPX silencing had a negative effect on expression of ROS-responsive genes under HL, suggesting synergistic and antagonistic roles of chloroplastic H(2)O(2) in HL response”
Claim · model-written summary
tAPX silencing had a negative effect on expression of ROS-responsive genes under high light.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Treatment
- tAPX silencinge4
- Outcome
- expression of ROS-responsive genese4
- Direction
- negative effecte4
- Qualifier
- under HLe4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In response to tAPX silencing, the transcript levels of C-repeat/DRE binding factor (CBF1), a central regulator for cold acclimation, was suppressed, resulting in a high sensitivity of tAPX-silenced plants to cold”
e4“Interestingly, we found that tAPX silencing-responsive genes were up- or down-regulated by high light (HL) and that tAPX silencing had a negative effect on expression of ROS-responsive genes under HL, suggesting synergistic and antagonistic roles of chloroplastic H(2)O(2) in HL response”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroplastic H2O2 may have synergistic and antagonistic roles in the high light response.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Outcome
- HL responsee4
- Qualifier
- synergistic and antagonistic roles of chloroplastic H(2)O(2)e4
Verbatim
e1“In response to tAPX silencing, the transcript levels of C-repeat/DRE binding factor (CBF1), a central regulator for cold acclimation, was suppressed, resulting in a high sensitivity of tAPX-silenced plants to cold”
e4“Interestingly, we found that tAPX silencing-responsive genes were up- or down-regulated by high light (HL) and that tAPX silencing had a negative effect on expression of ROS-responsive genes under HL, suggesting synergistic and antagonistic roles of chloroplastic H(2)O(2) in HL response”
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