Abstract
Embryos from dry caryopses of wheat ( Triticum durum L. cv. Norba) are completely devoid of ascorbate (ASC) but contain a low amount of dehydroascorbate (DHA). The de novo biosynthesis of ASC starts in the wheat embryos after 8–10 h of germination but before the ASC biosynthetic pathway is completely restored the embryos can provide themselves with ASC by the reduction of the stored DHA. Three different proteins having DHA‐reducing capability are present in the embryos during the early stages of germination. However, when the de novo ASC biosynthesis from sugar is completely restored, the DHA reduction capability largely drops and only one DHA‐reducing protein remains active. The presence of three proteins having DHA‐reducing capability and their behaviour during germination is discussed. Dry embryos are also devoid of ASC peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11); this hydrogen peroxide scavenger enzyme appears after the same lag as ASC and increases during germination in parallel with the rise in ASC. When ASC biosynthesis is experimentally induced, the ASC peroxidase also appears earlier; moreover the affinities for ASC of the three ASC peroxidase isoenzymes that progressively appear during germination depend on the ASC available in the embryos: highest in the first isoenzyme, that appears when the ASC content is very low, lowest in the isoenzyme that is expressed last, when the ASC content is 10–11 times higher.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Dry wheat embryos are devoid of ascorbate (ASC) but contain a low amount of dehydroascorbate (DHA).
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Triticum durum L. cv. Norbae0
- Organ / stage
- Embryos from dry caryopsese0
- Outcome
- ascorbate (ASC)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“Embryos from dry caryopses of wheat ( Triticum durum L. cv. Norba) are completely devoid of ascorbate (ASC) but contain a low amount of dehydroascorbate (DHA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry wheat embryos contain a low amount of dehydroascorbate (DHA).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Triticum durum L. cv. Norbae0
- Organ / stage
- Embryos from dry caryopsese0
- Outcome
- dehydroascorbate (DHA)e0
- Qualifier
- a low amounte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“Embryos from dry caryopses of wheat ( Triticum durum L. cv. Norba) are completely devoid of ascorbate (ASC) but contain a low amount of dehydroascorbate (DHA)”
Claim · model-written summary
De novo ASC biosynthesis starts in wheat embryos after 8–10 h of germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- wheat embryose0
- Outcome
- de novo biosynthesis of ASCe0
- Value
- 8–10 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“The de novo biosynthesis of ASC starts in the wheat embryos after 8–10 h of germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Before ASC biosynthesis is restored, wheat embryos can provide themselves with ASC by reducing stored DHA.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- embryose0
- Compound
- DHAe0
- Outcome
- provide themselves with ASCe0
- Qualifier
- before the ASC biosynthetic pathway is completely restorede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“before the ASC biosynthetic pathway is completely restored the embryos can provide themselves with ASC by the reduction of the stored DHA”
Claim · model-written summary
Three different proteins with DHA-reducing capability are present in wheat embryos during early germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- present in the embryose0
- Value
- Three different proteinse0
- Qualifier
- during the early stages of germinatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“Three different proteins having DHA‐reducing capability are present in the embryos during the early stages of germination”
Claim · model-written summary
When ASC biosynthesis from sugar is completely restored, the DHA reduction capability of wheat embryos largely drops.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- ASCe0
- Outcome
- DHA reduction capabilitye0
- Direction
- largely dropse0
- Qualifier
- when the de novo ASC biosynthesis from sugar is completely restorede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“when the de novo ASC biosynthesis from sugar is completely restored, the DHA reduction capability largely drops”
Claim · model-written summary
When ASC biosynthesis is restored, only one DHA-reducing protein remains active in wheat embryos.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- DHA‐reducing proteine0
- Outcome
- remains activee0
- Value
- only onee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“only one DHA‐reducing protein remains active”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry wheat embryos are devoid of ASC peroxidase, which appears after the same lag as ASC during germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Dry embryose0
- Gene
- ASC peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- ASC peroxidasee0
- Qualifier
- after the same lag as ASCe1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“Dry embryos are also devoid of ASC peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11)”
e1“this hydrogen peroxide scavenger enzyme appears after the same lag as ASC”
Claim · model-written summary
ASC peroxidase increases during germination in parallel with the rise in ASC in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- ASCe1
- Outcome
- ASC peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“Dry embryos are also devoid of ASC peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11)”
e1“increases during germination in parallel with the rise in ASC”
Claim · model-written summary
Experimentally induced ASC biosynthesis makes ASC peroxidase appear earlier in wheat embryos.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ASC biosynthesis is experimentally inducede0
- Gene
- ASC peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- ASC peroxidasee0
- Direction
- appears earliere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“When ASC biosynthesis is experimentally induced, the ASC peroxidase also appears earlier”
Claim · model-written summary
The first ASC peroxidase isoenzyme, which appears when ASC is very low, has the highest affinity for ASC in wheat embryos.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- ASC peroxidase isoenzymese0
- Compound
- ASCe0
- Outcome
- affinities for ASCe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- first isoenzyme, that appears when the ASC content is very lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“the affinities for ASC of the three ASC peroxidase isoenzymes that progressively appear during germination depend on the ASC available in the embryos: highest in the first isoenzyme, that appears when the ASC content is very low”
Claim · model-written summary
The last-expressed ASC peroxidase isoenzyme has the lowest affinity for ASC when ASC content is 10–11 times higher in wheat embryos.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- ASC peroxidase isoenzymese0
- Compound
- ASCe0
- Outcome
- affinities for ASCe0
- Direction
- loweste1
- Qualifier
- 10–11 times highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“during the early stage of wheat germination”
e0“the affinities for ASC of the three ASC peroxidase isoenzymes that progressively appear during germination depend on the ASC available in the embryos: highest in the first isoenzyme, that appears when the ASC content is very low”
e1“lowest in the isoenzyme that is expressed last, when the ASC content is 10–11 times higher”