Abstract
Abstract Flooding is often a problem in areas of the southern USA with high rainfall and impermeable soils. A field study was conducted on two poorly drained, slowly permeable soils, a Sharkey clay (veryfine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Haplaquept) and a Crowley silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Typic Albaqualf), to determine the influence of prolonged flooding on the growth and seed yield of eight determinate soybean [ Glycine max . (L.) Merr.] cultivars. Soybean was continuously flooded 3 cm above the soil surface at either the V4 or R2 growth stage for 2, 4, 7, or 14 d. Soil water pressures were monitored at four depths in the Sharkey profile. Flood duration effects on the soybean plant were manifested in yellowing and abscission of leaves at the lower nodes, stunting, and reduced dry weight and seed yield. Canopy height and dry weight decreased linearly with duration of the flood at both growth stages. The growth rates were 25 to 35% less when soybean was flooded at R2 than at V4. The additional 4 wk of vegetative growth after flooding allowed the soybean flooded at V4 to recover to a greater extent than the cultivars flooded at R2. A linear relation was found between seed yield and monthly average crop growth rates for the 4 wk following flooding. A linear decrease in seed yield with flood duration was also found. On the Sharkey clay, rates of yield reduction were 157 and 124 kg ha −1 d −1 of the flood for the soybean flooded at R2 and V4, respectively. On the Crowley silt loam, yield reduction rates were 101 and 53 kg ha −1 d −1 of the flood duration for the soybean flooded at R2 and V4, respectively. Crop susceptibility factors (CS) were determined by dividing the decline in yield by the unstressed control, where the 2‐d flooded soybean cultivars were considered the controls. Values of CS ranged from 0.0 to 0.6 and were linearly related to flood duration after 2 d. The slopes of the lines were 1.5 times greater for the flood applied at R2 than at V4, and 2.4 times greater with soybean grown on the Sharkey clay than on the Crowley silt loam. The determinate soybean cultivars were more susceptible to prolonged flooding during early reproductive growth than early vegetative growth and when grown on the clayey soil than on the silt loam.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Flooding caused leaf yellowing and abscission, stunting, and reduced dry weight and seed yield in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Flood duratione0
- Outcome
- yellowing and abscission of leaves at the lower nodes, stunting, and reduced dry weight and seed yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flood duration effects on the soybean plant were manifested in yellowing and abscission of leaves at the lower nodes, stunting, and reduced dry weight and seed yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean canopy height and dry weight declined linearly with flood duration at both growth stages.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- duration of the floode0
- Outcome
- Canopy height and dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- both growth stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Canopy height and dry weight decreased linearly with duration of the flood at both growth stages.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth rates were 25 to 35% lower when soybean was flooded at R2 than at V4.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- flooded at R2e0
- Outcome
- growth ratese0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 25 to 35%e0
- Comparator
- V4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth rates were 25 to 35% less when soybean was flooded at R2 than at V4.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean flooded at V4 recovered more than cultivars flooded at R2 after four weeks of vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- flooded at V4e0
- Outcome
- recovere0
- Direction
- greater extente0
- Comparator
- cultivars flooded at R2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The additional 4 wk of vegetative growth after flooding allowed the soybean flooded at V4 to recover to a greater extent than the cultivars flooded at R2.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield was linearly related to average crop growth rate over four weeks after flooding.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- floodinge0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Qualifier
- monthly average crop growth rates for the 4 wk following floodinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A linear relation was found between seed yield and monthly average crop growth rates for the 4 wk following flooding.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seed yield declined linearly with flood duration.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- flood duratione0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A linear decrease in seed yield with flood duration was also found.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
On Sharkey clay, soybean yield fell by 157 kg ha −1 d −1 of flood at R2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- flooded at R2e0
- Outcome
- yield reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 157e0
- Setting
- Sharkey claye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the Sharkey clay, rates of yield reduction were 157 and 124 kg ha −1 d −1 of the flood for the soybean flooded at R2 and V4, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
On Sharkey clay, soybean yield fell by 124 kg ha −1 d −1 of flood at V4.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- V4e0
- Outcome
- yield reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 124 kg ha −1 d −1e0
- Setting
- Sharkey claye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the Sharkey clay, rates of yield reduction were 157 and 124 kg ha −1 d −1 of the flood for the soybean flooded at R2 and V4, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
On Crowley silt loam, soybean yield fell by 101 kg ha −1 d −1 of flood at R2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- flooded at R2e0
- Outcome
- yield reduction ratese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 101e0
- Setting
- Crowley silt loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the Crowley silt loam, yield reduction rates were 101 and 53 kg ha −1 d −1 of the flood duration for the soybean flooded at R2 and V4, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
On Crowley silt loam, soybean yield fell by 53 kg ha −1 d −1 of flood at V4.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- V4e0
- Outcome
- yield reduction ratese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 53 kg ha −1 d −1e0
- Setting
- Crowley silt loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the Crowley silt loam, yield reduction rates were 101 and 53 kg ha −1 d −1 of the flood duration for the soybean flooded at R2 and V4, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean crop susceptibility factors ranged from 0.0 to 0.6 and were linearly related to flood duration after two days.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- flood duratione0
- Outcome
- CSe0
- Value
- 0.0 to 0.6e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Values of CS ranged from 0.0 to 0.6 and were linearly related to flood duration after 2 d.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The susceptibility slope was 1.5 times greater for flooding at R2 than V4.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- flood applied at R2e0
- Outcome
- slopes of the linese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 1.5 timese0
- Comparator
- V4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The slopes of the lines were 1.5 times greater for the flood applied at R2 than at V4”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The susceptibility slope was 2.4 times greater on Sharkey clay than Crowley silt loam.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- greatere0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 2.4 timese0
- Comparator
- Crowley silt loame0
- Setting
- Sharkey claye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2.4 times greater with soybean grown on the Sharkey clay than on the Crowley silt loam.”
The same questions in other papers
flooding · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
47 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
54 papers more in this group
See all 58 papers →flooding · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.