Abstract
Because plant wilting has been described as a consequence of cadmium (Cd2+) toxicity, we investigate Cd2+ effects on plant water losses, gas exchanges and stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L. Effects of 1-week Cd2+ application in hydroponic condition (CdCl2 10-100 micro m) were analyzed. A 10- micro m Cd2+ concentration had no significant effect on the plant-water relationship and carbon assimilation. At higher Cd2+ concentrations, a Cd2+ -dependent decrease in leaf conductance and CO2 uptake was observed despite the photosynthetic apparatus appeared not to be affected as probed by fluorescence measurements. In epidermal strip bioassays, nanomolar Cd2+ concentrations reduced stomatal opening under light in A. thaliana, Vicia faba and Commelina communis. Application of 5 micro m ABA limited the root-to-shoot translocation of cadmium. However, the Cd2+-induced stomatal closure was likely ABA-independent, since a 5-day treatment with 50 micro m Cd2+ did not affect the plant relative water content. Additionally, a similar Cd2+-induced stomatal closure was observed in the ABA insensitive mutant abi1-1. Interestingly, this mutant displayed a higher transpiration rate than the wild type but did not accumulate more Cd2+, arguing that Cd2+ uptake is not dependent only on the transpiration flow. Application of putative calcium channels inhibitors suppressed the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ in epidermal strip experiments, suggesting that Cd2+ could enter the guard cell through calcium channels. Patch-clamp studies with V. faba guard cell protoplasts showed that plasma membrane K+ channels were insensitive to external Cd2+ application whereas Ca2+ channels were found permeable to Cd2+. In conclusion, we propose that Cd2+ affects guard cell regulation in an ABA-independent manner by entering the cytosol via Ca2+ channels.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
A 10 µM Cd2+ concentration had no significant effect on plant-water relationship and carbon assimilation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- 10- micro m Cd2+ concentratione1
- Outcome
- plant-water relationship and carbon assimilatione1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e1“A 10- micro m Cd2+ concentration had no significant effect on the plant-water relationship and carbon assimilation”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Cd2+ concentrations decreased leaf conductance and CO2 uptake.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- At higher Cd2+ concentrationse2
- Outcome
- leaf conductance and CO2 uptakee2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e2“At higher Cd2+ concentrations, a Cd2+ -dependent decrease in leaf conductance and CO2 uptake was observed despite the photosynthetic apparatus appeared not to be affected as probed by fluorescence measurements”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher Cd2+ concentrations the photosynthetic apparatus was not affected, as probed by fluorescence measurements.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- At higher Cd2+ concentrationse2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic apparatuse2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Qualifier
- as probed by fluorescence measurementse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e2“At higher Cd2+ concentrations, a Cd2+ -dependent decrease in leaf conductance and CO2 uptake was observed despite the photosynthetic apparatus appeared not to be affected as probed by fluorescence measurements”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanomolar Cd2+ concentrations reduced stomatal opening under light in Arabidopsis thaliana in epidermal strip bioassays.
- Taxon
- A. thalianaArabidopsis thalianae3
- Treatment
- nanomolar Cd2+ concentrationse3
- Outcome
- stomatal opening under lighte3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Setting
- epidermal strip bioassayse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“In epidermal strip bioassays, nanomolar Cd2+ concentrations reduced stomatal opening under light in A. thaliana, Vicia faba and Commelina communis”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanomolar Cd2+ concentrations reduced stomatal opening under light in Vicia faba in epidermal strip bioassays.
- Taxon
- Vicia faba
Vicia fabae3 - Treatment
- nanomolar Cd2+ concentrationse3
- Outcome
- stomatal opening under lighte3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Setting
- epidermal strip bioassayse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“In epidermal strip bioassays, nanomolar Cd2+ concentrations reduced stomatal opening under light in A. thaliana, Vicia faba and Commelina communis”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanomolar Cd2+ concentrations reduced stomatal opening under light in Commelina communis in epidermal strip bioassays.
- Taxon
- Commelina communis
Commelina communise3 - Treatment
- nanomolar Cd2+ concentrationse3
- Outcome
- stomatal opening under lighte3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Setting
- epidermal strip bioassayse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“In epidermal strip bioassays, nanomolar Cd2+ concentrations reduced stomatal opening under light in A. thaliana, Vicia faba and Commelina communis”
Claim · model-written summary
5 µM ABA limited root-to-shoot translocation of cadmium.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- 5 micro m ABAe4
- Outcome
- root-to-shoot translocation of cadmiume4
- Direction
- limitede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e4“Application of 5 micro m ABA limited the root-to-shoot translocation of cadmium”
Claim · model-written summary
The Cd2+-induced stomatal closure is likely ABA-independent.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Outcome
- stomatal closuree5
- Qualifier
- ABA-independente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e5“the Cd2+-induced stomatal closure was likely ABA-independent, since a 5-day treatment with 50 micro m Cd2+ did not affect the plant relative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
A 5-day treatment with 50 µM Cd2+ did not affect plant relative water content.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- a 5-day treatment with 50 micro m Cd2+e5
- Outcome
- plant relative water contente5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e5“the Cd2+-induced stomatal closure was likely ABA-independent, since a 5-day treatment with 50 micro m Cd2+ did not affect the plant relative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd2+-induced stomatal closure was also observed in the ABA-insensitive mutant abi1-1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- ABA insensitive mutant abi1-1e6
- Outcome
- Cd2+-induced stomatal closuree6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e6“a similar Cd2+-induced stomatal closure was observed in the ABA insensitive mutant abi1-1”
Claim · model-written summary
The abi1-1 mutant had a higher transpiration rate than the wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- the wild typee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e7“this mutant displayed a higher transpiration rate than the wild type but did not accumulate more Cd2+, arguing that Cd2+ uptake is not dependent only on the transpiration flow”
Claim · model-written summary
The abi1-1 mutant did not accumulate more Cd2+ than the wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Outcome
- accumulate more Cd2+e7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
- Comparator
- the wild typee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e7“this mutant displayed a higher transpiration rate than the wild type but did not accumulate more Cd2+, arguing that Cd2+ uptake is not dependent only on the transpiration flow”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd2+ uptake is not dependent only on the transpiration flow.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Outcome
- Cd2+ uptakee1
- Qualifier
- not dependent only on the transpiration flowe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e1“Cd2+ uptake is not dependent only on the transpiration flow”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium channel inhibitors suppressed the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ on stomatal opening in epidermal strip experiments.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- calcium channels inhibitorse1
- Outcome
- inhibitory effect of Cd2+e1
- Direction
- suppressede1
- Setting
- epidermal strip experimentse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e1“Application of putative calcium channels inhibitors suppressed the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ in epidermal strip experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd2+ may enter the guard cell through calcium channels.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Outcome
- enter the guard celle1
- Qualifier
- through calcium channelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e1“suggesting that Cd2+ could enter the guard cell through calcium channels”
Claim · model-written summary
External Cd2+ application did not change plasma membrane K+ channel activity in Vicia faba guard cell protoplasts.
- Taxon
- V. fabaVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- external Cd2+ applicatione1
- Outcome
- plasma membrane K+ channelse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Patch-clamp studies with V. faba guard cell protoplasts showed that plasma membrane K+ channels were insensitive to external Cd2+ application”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca2+ channels in Vicia faba guard cells were permeable to Cd2+.
- Taxon
- V. fabaVicia fabae1
- Outcome
- Ca2+ channelse2
- Qualifier
- permeable to Cd2+e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Patch-clamp studies with V. faba guard cell protoplasts showed that plasma membrane K+ channels were insensitive to external Cd2+ application”
e2“whereas Ca2+ channels were found permeable to Cd2+”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd2+ affects guard cell regulation in an ABA-independent manner by entering the cytosol via Ca2+ channels.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Outcome
- guard cell regulatione1
- Qualifier
- ABA-independent manner by entering the cytosol via Ca2+ channelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal behaviour in Arabidopsis thaliana L.”
e1“we propose that Cd2+ affects guard cell regulation in an ABA-independent manner by entering the cytosol via Ca2+ channels”
The same questions in other papers
(+)-abscisic acid · nutrient: content · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
calcium atom · nutrient: content · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.