Abstract
Atriplex sagittata is an annual heterocarpic plant that produces three different fruit types (termed A, B, and C). To examine the consequence of heterocarpy on germinability patterns over long time periods, we compared seed germinability of different fruit types that had been stored for up to 8 years. While germinability of non-dormant type C fruits in distilled water was high (up to 100 %) in the first 2 years, it rapidly decreased over time. Dormant fruit types A and B showed increased germinability up to 7 years, though loss of germinability was lower for type B than for type A fruits. Eight-year-old fruits of all types had significantly lower germinability than younger fruits, probably due to loss of viability. Heterocarpy, therefore, ensures that emergence rates for seedlings of A. sagittata will be maintained over relatively long periods, even in years of strong disturbance when all adult plants may be destroyed. The experiment further showed that germinability of all fruit types in high concentrations of salt, as compared with water treatment, changed over the course of 8 years. Whilst dormant types (A and B) of A. sagittata show increased germinability with age of the seed in water treatment, they significantly lose germinability over time with salinity treatment. Type C fruit was not influenced by salt in the first year, but germinability rapidly decreased with time. It follows that the species is able to germinate under high salt concentration in the first year, but this advantage gradually disappears.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Type C fruit germinability in water reached 100% in the first two years.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittata
Atriplex sagittatat0 - Material
- type Ce0
- Treatment
- distilled watere0
- Outcome
- germinabilitye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- up to 100 %e0
- Qualifier
- first 2 yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germinability of non-dormant type C fruits in distilled water was high (up to 100 %) in the first 2 years, it rapidly decreased over time”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
Type C fruit germinability in water then rapidly decreased.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Material
- type Ce0
- Treatment
- distilled watere0
- Outcome
- germinabilitye0
- Direction
- rapidly decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germinability of non-dormant type C fruits in distilled water was high (up to 100 %) in the first 2 years, it rapidly decreased over time”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
Dormant fruit types A and B gained germinability up to seven years.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Material
- fruit types A and Be0
- Outcome
- germinabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- up to 7 yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dormant fruit types A and B showed increased germinability up to 7 years”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
Type B fruit lost less germinability than type A.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Material
- type Be0
- Outcome
- loss of germinabilitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- type A fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“loss of germinability was lower for type B than for type A fruits”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight-year-old fruits of all types had lower germinability than younger fruits.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Material
- fruits of all typese0
- Outcome
- germinabilitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- younger fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eight-year-old fruits of all types had significantly lower germinability than younger fruits”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
The salt versus water germinability response of all fruit types changed over eight years.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Material
- all fruit typese0
- Treatment
- high concentrations of salte0
- Outcome
- germinabilitye0
- Qualifier
- over the course of 8 yearse0
- Comparator
- water treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germinability of all fruit types in high concentrations of salt, as compared with water treatment, changed over the course of 8 years”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
Dormant fruit types A and B showed increased germinability with seed age in water.
- Taxon
- A. sagittataAtriplex sagittatae0
- Material
- dormant types (A and B)e0
- Treatment
- water treatmente0
- Outcome
- germinabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dormant types (A and B) of A. sagittata show increased germinability with age of the seed in water treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Dormant fruit types A and B lost germinability over time under salinity.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Treatment
- salinity treatmente0
- Outcome
- germinabilitye0
- Direction
- losee0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they significantly lose germinability over time with salinity treatment”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt did not influence type C fruit germinability in year one.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Material
- Type C fruite0
- Treatment
- salte0
- Outcome
- Type C fruite0
- Direction
- not influencede0
- Qualifier
- first yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Type C fruit was not influenced by salt in the first year”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
Type C fruit germinability rapidly decreased with time.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Outcome
- germinabilitye0
- Direction
- rapidly decreasede0
Not reportedMaterialOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germinability rapidly decreased with time”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
A. sagittata could germinate under high salt in the first year.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Treatment
- high salt concentratione0
- Outcome
- able to germinatee0
- Qualifier
- first yeare0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the species is able to germinate under high salt concentration in the first year, but this advantage gradually disappears”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
The early high-salt germination advantage gradually disappeared.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Outcome
- advantagee0
- Direction
- gradually disappearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the species is able to germinate under high salt concentration in the first year, but this advantage gradually disappears”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”