Abstract
The impact on the selection and control of subpopulations of V. inaequalis resistant to the sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fenarimol or to dodine were evaluated with respect to several tactics of apple scab control. Experiments were conducted in an experimental orchard with elevated levels of DMI and dodine resistance over a period of three consecutive seasons. The DMI-resistant subpopulation was poorly (14%) controlled at a fenarimol rate of 15 mg/liter (sprayed to run-off), whereas control was significantly improved (54%) at twice that rate. Mancozeb mixed with the low rate of fenarimol also improved the control of DMI-resistant isolates, but the improvement was due to the indiscriminate control of both the DMI-sensitive and -resistant populations provided by mancozeb. The selection of fenarimol-resistant isolates resulting from poor control of the resistant subpopulation by the low rate of fenarimol was equivalent whether fenarimol was applied singly or in mixture with mancozeb. Consequently, the use of high DMI rates in mixture with a protective fungicide is expected to delay the build-up of resistant subpopulations by limiting their increase through two separate principles of control. For dodine in mixture with fenarimol, it was found that each mixing partner applied alone selected both fe-narimol- and dodine-resistant isolates. This selection pattern was partly explained by the possibility that one of the multiple genes underlying fenarimol and dodine resistance confers resistance to both fungicides, in addition to the selection of double-resistant isolates. Regardless, a mixture of fenarimol with dodine each employed at a low rate controlled both the fenarimol-and the dodine-resistant subpopulation at least as effectively as the individual components at twice their mixture rate, and an accelerated selection of double-resistant isolates was not detected. In commercial orchard trials, mixtures of DMIs with either a protective fungicide or with dodine provided equivalent control even when levels of DMI resistance, dodine resistance, or both were moderately elevated. With the exception of orchards with high levels of DMI or dodine resistance, dodine might be an alternative to protective fungicides as a mixing partner with DMIs.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Fenarimol at 15 mg/liter controlled only 14% of the DMI-resistant subpopulation.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Treatment
- fenarimol rate of 15 mg/litere0
- Outcome
- DMI-resistant subpopulatione0
- Direction
- poorlye0
- Value
- 14%e0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The DMI-resistant subpopulation was poorly (14%) controlled at a fenarimol rate of 15 mg/liter (sprayed to run-off)”
e1“apple scab control”
Claim · model-written summary
Doubling fenarimol rate improved control to 54%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control was significantly improved (54%) at twice that rate”
e1“apple scab control”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb mixed with low-rate fenarimol improved control of DMI-resistant isolates.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Mancozeb mixed with the low rate of fenarimole0
- Outcome
- control of DMI-resistant isolatese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mancozeb mixed with the low rate of fenarimol also improved the control of DMI-resistant isolates”
e1“apple scab control”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb controlled both DMI-sensitive and resistant populations indiscriminately.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- mancozebe0
- Outcome
- control of both the DMI-sensitive and -resistant populationse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indiscriminate control of both the DMI-sensitive and -resistant populations provided by mancozeb”
e1“apple scab control”
Claim · model-written summary
Selection of fenarimol-resistant isolates was equivalent with fenarimol alone and in mixture with mancozeb.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- fenarimol was applied singly or in mixture with mancozebe0
- Outcome
- selection of fenarimol-resistant isolatese0
- Direction
- equivalente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The selection of fenarimol-resistant isolates resulting from poor control of the resistant subpopulation by the low rate of fenarimol was equivalent whether fenarimol was applied singly or in mixture with mancozeb.”
e1“apple scab control”
Claim · model-written summary
Each of dodine and fenarimol alone selected both fenarimol- and dodine-resistant isolates.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- each mixing partner applied alonee0
- Outcome
- fe-narimol- and dodine-resistant isolatese0
- Direction
- selectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“each mixing partner applied alone selected both fe-narimol- and dodine-resistant isolates”
e1“apple scab control”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate fenarimol plus dodine controlled the fenarimol-resistant subpopulation at least as effectively as doubled individual rates.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- a mixture of fenarimol with dodine each employed at a low ratee0
- Outcome
- fenarimol-and the dodine-resistant subpopulatione0
- Direction
- at least as effectivelye0
- Comparator
- individual components at twice their mixture ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a mixture of fenarimol with dodine each employed at a low rate controlled both the fenarimol-and the dodine-resistant subpopulation at least as effectively as the individual components at twice their mixture rate”
e1“apple scab control”
Claim · model-written summary
Accelerated selection of double-resistant isolates was not detected with the mixture.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- accelerated selection of double-resistant isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an accelerated selection of double-resistant isolates was not detected”
e1“apple scab control”
Claim · model-written summary
Commercial orchard mixtures of DMIs with protective fungicide or dodine gave equivalent control despite moderately elevated resistance.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- mixtures of DMIs with either a protective fungicide or with dodinee0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Qualifier
- moderately elevatede0
- Setting
- commercial orchard trialse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In commercial orchard trials, mixtures of DMIs with either a protective fungicide or with dodine provided equivalent control even when levels of DMI resistance, dodine resistance, or both were moderately elevated.”
e1“apple scab control”
Claim · model-written summary
High DMI rates with a protective fungicide are expected to delay resistant subpopulation buildup.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- high DMI rates in mixture with a protective fungicidee0
- Outcome
- delay the build-up of resistant subpopulationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of high DMI rates in mixture with a protective fungicide is expected to delay the build-up of resistant subpopulations”
e1“apple scab control”
Claim · model-written summary
Dodine may be a DMI mixing partner except in orchards with high DMI or dodine resistance.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- dodine might be an alternative to protective fungicides as a mixing partner with DMIse0
- Qualifier
- orchards with high levels of DMI or dodine resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the exception of orchards with high levels of DMI or dodine resistance, dodine might be an alternative to protective fungicides as a mixing partner with DMIs.”
e1“apple scab control”
The same questions in other papers
mancozeb · control · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.