Abstract
ABSTRACT The resistance of Salix to Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn was investigated in hydroponic culture, with phytoextraction potential evaluated for Cu. Root elongation (indicative of resistance level) was significantly affected, with considerable variation between and within individual clones. Resistance appeared to be clone- or hybrid-specific, rather than species-specific. S. caprea clones (and hybrids) were among the most resistant, but a secondary S. caprea clone from a different provenance was much less tolerant. S. viminalis and S. triandra clones were the most sensitive. Highest resistance was found in response to Cd, while Cu and Ni were extremely toxic. A resistant S. caprea ecotype originating from a metalliferous mine spoil was identified using this technique. Copper concentration reached a maximum of 2000, 400, and 82 μg g-1 (d.wt) in roots, wood, and foliage, respectively, after 1 month in hydroponic culture. The level of variation in the response of Salix to metals may cause difficulties in phytoremediation screening programs, but may be essential in providing genetic variation for selection of metal resistance traits, where the contaminant profile is heterogeneous, mixed, or subject to change. Clone selection for metal phytoextraction is feasible, but a longer field-scale study on metal-contaminated soils is needed before their role in phytoremediation can be confirmed.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Root elongation of Salix was significantly affected by metals and varied between and within clones.
SalixNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The resistance of Salix to Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn was investigated in hydroponic culture, with phytoextraction potential evaluated for Cu. Root elongation (indicative of resistance level) was significantly affected, with considerable variation between and within individual clones.”
Claim · model-written summary
Willow resistance appeared clone or hybrid specific rather than species specific.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistance appeared to be clone- or hybrid-specific, rather than species-specific.”
t0“Willows”
Claim · model-written summary
S. caprea clones and hybrids were among the most resistant.
- Taxon
- S. caprea
Salix capreae0 - Material
- clones (and hybrids)e0
- Outcome
- most resistante0
- Direction
- most resistante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. caprea clones (and hybrids) were among the most resistant”
Claim · model-written summary
A second S. caprea clone from another provenance was much less tolerant.
- Taxon
- S. capreaSalix capreae0
- Material
- a secondary S. caprea clonee0
- Outcome
- tolerante0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a secondary S. caprea clone from a different provenance was much less tolerant”
Claim · model-written summary
S. viminalis clones were among the most sensitive.
- Taxon
- S. viminalis
.jpg?width=60)
Salix viminalise0 - Material
- clonese0
- Outcome
- most sensitivee0
- Direction
- most sensitivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“S. viminalis and S. triandra clones were the most sensitive.”
Claim · model-written summary
S. triandra clones were among the most sensitive.
- Taxon
- S. triandra
Salix triandrae0 - Material
- clonese0
- Outcome
- most sensitivee0
- Direction
- most sensitivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. viminalis and S. triandra clones were the most sensitive.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salix had highest resistance to Cd.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest resistance was found in response to Cd, while Cu and Ni were extremely toxic.”
t0“Willows”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu and Ni were extremely toxic to Salix.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest resistance was found in response to Cd, while Cu and Ni were extremely toxic.”
t0“Willows”
Claim · model-written summary
The technique identified a resistant S. caprea ecotype from mine spoil.
- Taxon
- S. capreaSalix capreae0
- Material
- ecotypee0
- Outcome
- resistante0
- Value
- resistante0
- Setting
- metalliferous mine spoile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A resistant S. caprea ecotype originating from a metalliferous mine spoil was identified using this technique.”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper concentration reached 2000 μg g-1 (d.wt) in roots after one month of hydroponic culture.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Copper concentratione0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 2000e0
- Qualifier
- after 1 month in hydroponic culturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Copper concentration reached a maximum of 2000, 400, and 82 μg g-1 (d.wt) in roots, wood, and foliage, respectively, after 1 month in hydroponic culture.”
t0“Willows”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper concentration reached 400 μg g-1 (d.wt) in wood after one month.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Copper concentration reached a maximum of 2000, 400, and 82 μg g-1 (d.wt) in roots, wood, and foliage, respectively, after 1 month in hydroponic culture.”
t0“Willows”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper concentration reached 82 μg g-1 (d.wt) in foliage after one month.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Copper concentration reached a maximum of 2000, 400, and 82 μg g-1 (d.wt) in roots, wood, and foliage, respectively, after 1 month in hydroponic culture.”
t0“Willows”
Claim · model-written summary
Variation among Salix clones may hinder screening but can supply variation for resistance selection.
- Outcome
- variation in the response of Salix to metalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The level of variation in the response of Salix to metals may cause difficulties in phytoremediation screening programs, but may be essential in providing genetic variation for selection of metal resistance traits, where the contaminant profile is heterogeneous, mixed, or subject to change.”
Claim · model-written summary
Clone selection for metal phytoextraction is feasible, but longer field study is needed.
- Outcome
- a longer field-scale study on metal-contaminated soils is needede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clone selection for metal phytoextraction is feasible, but a longer field-scale study on metal-contaminated soils is needed before their role in phytoremediation can be confirmed.”
t0“Willows”