Abstract
Abstract Codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) is the most serious pest of apple and other pome fruit worldwide. In temperate climates, diapausing cocooned larvae make up 100% of the population. Control of this stage would reduce or eliminate damage by first generation CM in late spring and early summer. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are good candidates for control of CM in the cryptic habitats where the larvae overwinter. The two predominant limiting factors for EPNs are adequate moisture and temperatures below 15°C. Formulation that maintains moisture and enables survival of EPN infective juveniles (IJs) until they can infect overwintering larvae would significantly improve their utility for protection of apple, pear and walnut. In laboratory studies conducted in moist mulch (consisting of apple and conifer wood), Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae infected with Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), S. feltiae (Filipjev), or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and coated with starch and clay, produced mean mortalities of 42, 88, and 24%, respectively in CM larvae. Mulched field plots treated with formulated S. carpocapsae- or S. feltiae-infected G. mellonella larvae, then followed by an application of wood flour foam as an anti-desiccant, resulted in 56 and 86% mortality, respectively. Comparative tests of aqueous suspensions of S. carpocapsae IJs applied to cardboard bands on apple tree trunks followed by water, fire retardant gel or foam resulted in 11, 35, and 85% respective mortalities. Identical tests with S. feltiae resulted in 20, 19, and 97% respective mortalities. Our research with cadaver formulations of EPNs in mulch and aqueous suspensions on tree trunks combined with anti-desiccant agents, demonstrated significant improvement in larvicidal activity for diapausing cocooned CM larvae.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
In moist mulch, cadavers infected with Steinernema carpocapsae produced 42% codling moth larval mortality.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Steinernema carpocapsaee0
- Interactor
- CMe0pest
- Second interactor
- Steinernema carpocapsae
Steinernema carpocapsaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitiese0
- Value
- 42e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae infected with Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), S. feltiae (Filipjev), or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and coated with starch and clay, produced mean mortalities of 42, 88, and 24%, respectively in CM larvae”
t0“pest of apple and other pome fruit worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
In moist mulch, S. feltiae-infected cadavers produced 88% codling moth larval mortality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- S. feltiaee0
- Interactor
- CMe0pest
- Second interactor
- S. feltiae
Steinernema feltiaee0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mortalitiese0
- Value
- 88e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae infected with Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), S. feltiae (Filipjev), or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and coated with starch and clay, produced mean mortalities of 42, 88, and 24%, respectively in CM larvae”
t0“pest of apple and other pome fruit worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
In moist mulch, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora-infected cadavers produced 24% codling moth larval mortality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Heterorhabditis bacteriophorae0
- Interactor
- CMe0pest
- Second interactor
- Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
_Poinar%2C_1975.jpg?width=60)
Heterorhabditis bacteriophorae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mortalitiese0
- Value
- 24%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Poinar%2C_1975.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae infected with Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), S. feltiae (Filipjev), or Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and coated with starch and clay, produced mean mortalities of 42, 88, and 24%, respectively in CM larvae”
t0“pest of apple and other pome fruit worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
In mulched field plots, S. carpocapsae-infected cadavers followed by wood flour foam produced 56% larval mortality.
- Taxon
- codling moth
Cydia pomonellat0 - Treatment
- formulated S. carpocapsaee0
- Interactor
- S. carpocapsae
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 56e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mulched field plots treated with formulated S. carpocapsae- or S. feltiae-infected G. mellonella larvae, then followed by an application of wood flour foam as an anti-desiccant, resulted in 56 and 86% mortality, respectively”
t0“codling moth larvae”
Claim · model-written summary
In mulched field plots, S. feltiae-infected cadavers followed by wood flour foam produced 86% larval mortality.
- Taxon
- codling mothCydia pomonellat0
- Treatment
- S. feltiae-infected G. mellonella larvaee0
- Interactor
- S. feltiaeSteinernema feltiaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 86%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mulched field plots treated with formulated S. carpocapsae- or S. feltiae-infected G. mellonella larvae, then followed by an application of wood flour foam as an anti-desiccant, resulted in 56 and 86% mortality, respectively”
t0“codling moth larvae”
Claim · model-written summary
S. carpocapsae on apple trunks followed by water produced 11% larval mortality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- S. carpocapsae IJse0
- Interactor
- S. carpocapsae
- Outcome
- mortalitiese0
- Value
- 11e0
- Qualifier
- watere0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparative tests of aqueous suspensions of S. carpocapsae IJs applied to cardboard bands on apple tree trunks followed by water, fire retardant gel or foam resulted in 11, 35, and 85% respective mortalities”
Claim · model-written summary
S. carpocapsae on apple trunks followed by fire retardant gel produced 35% larval mortality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- fire retardant gele0
- Interactor
- S. carpocapsae
- Outcome
- mortalitiese0
- Value
- 35e0
- Comparator
- watere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparative tests of aqueous suspensions of S. carpocapsae IJs applied to cardboard bands on apple tree trunks followed by water, fire retardant gel or foam resulted in 11, 35, and 85% respective mortalities”
Claim · model-written summary
S. carpocapsae on apple trunks followed by foam produced 85% larval mortality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- foame0
- Interactor
- S. carpocapsae
- Outcome
- mortalitiese0
- Value
- 85%e0
- Comparator
- watere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparative tests of aqueous suspensions of S. carpocapsae IJs applied to cardboard bands on apple tree trunks followed by water, fire retardant gel or foam resulted in 11, 35, and 85% respective mortalities”
Claim · model-written summary
S. feltiae followed by water produced 20% larval mortality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- S. feltiaee0
- Interactor
- S. feltiaeSteinernema feltiaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitiese0
- Value
- 20e0
- Qualifier
- watere1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Identical tests with S. feltiae resulted in 20, 19, and 97% respective mortalities”
e1“Comparative tests of aqueous suspensions of S. carpocapsae IJs applied to cardboard bands on apple tree trunks followed by water, fire retardant gel or foam resulted in 11, 35, and 85% respective mortalities”
Claim · model-written summary
S. feltiae followed by gel produced 19% larval mortality.
- Treatment
- fire retardant gele1
- Interactor
- S. feltiaeSteinernema feltiaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitiese0
- Value
- 19e0
- Comparator
- watere1
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Identical tests with S. feltiae resulted in 20, 19, and 97% respective mortalities”
e1“followed by water, fire retardant gel or foam”
Claim · model-written summary
S. feltiae followed by foam produced 97% larval mortality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- foame1
- Interactor
- S. feltiaeSteinernema feltiaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitiese0
- Value
- 97%e0
- Comparator
- watere1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Identical tests with S. feltiae resulted in 20, 19, and 97% respective mortalities”
e1“followed by water, fire retardant gel or foam”
t0“pest of apple and other pome fruit worldwide”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining nematode formulations with anti-desiccants significantly improved larvicidal activity against diapausing codling moth.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- anti-desiccant agentse0
- Interactor
- CMe0pest
- Outcome
- larvicidal activitye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cadaver formulations of EPNs in mulch and aqueous suspensions on tree trunks combined with anti-desiccant agents, demonstrated significant improvement in larvicidal activity for diapausing cocooned CM larvae”
t0“pest of apple and other pome fruit worldwide”