Abstract
Spring and fall crops of peanut are grown each year in Taiwan. Mould infection and aflatoxin contamination of crops as affected by artificial inoculation of the seeded kernels with conidia of Aspergillus flavus, A niger and a combination of A flavus and A niger (inocula > 105 CFU kernel−1) were determined. Three cultivars, ie Tainan 9, Tainan 11 and Tainan 12, were consecutively grown for fall 1996, spring 1997, fall 1997 and spring 1998 crops with green vegetable pea for rotation. In crops from uninoculated kernels (control), percentages of germination and harvested plants were higher in spring crops than in fall crops. Inoculation with A niger alone or with A flavus resulted in various levels of seed and seedling mortality and lower yields of peanut pods than yields of the other inoculation treatments. When harvested and sized (US No 1), kernels were subjected to examination for mould colonisation and analysis of aflatoxin content. Fairly low percentages were colonised and aflatoxin contents were low or non-detectable. Colonisation and aflatoxin content were independent of artificial inoculation. Average aflatoxin contents in the kernels harvested from all cultivars and crops ranged from 0 to 6.1 µg kg−1. However, the highest levels of aflatoxin content among samples of the four crops were 4.0, 18.2, 9.6 and 36.7 µg kg−1, respectively. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Control peanut crops had higher germination and harvested-plant percentages in spring than fall.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae1 - Outcome
- percentages of germination and harvested plantse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- uninoculated kernels (control)e0
- Comparator
- fall cropse0
- Setting
- Taiwane1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In crops from uninoculated kernels (control), percentages of germination and harvested plants were higher in spring crops than in fall crops.”
e1“Spring and fall crops of peanut are grown each year in Taiwan.”
Claim · model-written summary
A niger inoculation alone caused varying peanut seed and seedling mortality.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with A niger alonee0
- Interactor
- A niger
Aspergillus nigere0pathogen - Outcome
- seed and seedling mortalitye0
- Qualifier
- various levelse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with A niger alone or with A flavus resulted in various levels of seed and seedling mortality and lower yields of peanut pods than yields of the other inoculation treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined A niger and A flavus inoculation caused varying peanut seed and seedling mortality.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- with A flavuse0
- Interactor
- A nigerAspergillus nigere0pathogen
- Second interactor
- A flavus
Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen - Outcome
- seed and seedling mortalitye0
- Qualifier
- various levelse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with A niger alone or with A flavus resulted in various levels of seed and seedling mortality and lower yields of peanut pods than yields of the other inoculation treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
A niger inoculation alone produced lower peanut pod yields than other inoculation treatments.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with A niger alonee0
- Interactor
- A nigerAspergillus nigere0pathogen
- Outcome
- yields of peanut podse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- other inoculation treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with A niger alone or with A flavus resulted in various levels of seed and seedling mortality and lower yields of peanut pods than yields of the other inoculation treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined A niger and A flavus inoculation produced lower peanut pod yields than other inoculation treatments.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- with A flavuse0
- Interactor
- A nigerAspergillus nigere0pathogen
- Second interactor
- A flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- yields of peanut podse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- other inoculation treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with A niger alone or with A flavus resulted in various levels of seed and seedling mortality and lower yields of peanut pods than yields of the other inoculation treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fairly low percentages of harvested peanut kernels were mould-colonised.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Organ / stage
- kernelse0
- Interactor
- moulde0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentages were colonisede0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- Fairlye0
- Setting
- Taiwane1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When harvested and sized (US No 1), kernels were subjected to examination for mould colonisation and analysis of aflatoxin content. Fairly low percentages were colonised and aflatoxin contents were low or non-detectable.”
e1“Spring and fall crops of peanut are grown each year in Taiwan.”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvested peanut kernel aflatoxin contents were low or undetectable.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Outcome
- aflatoxin contentse0
- Direction
- low or non-detectablee0
- Setting
- Taiwane1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fairly low percentages were colonised and aflatoxin contents were low or non-detectable.”
e1“Spring and fall crops of peanut are grown each year in Taiwan.”
Claim · model-written summary
Peanut kernel colonisation and aflatoxin content were independent of artificial inoculation.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- artificial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Colonisation and aflatoxin contente0
- Direction
- independente0
- Setting
- Taiwane1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonisation and aflatoxin content were independent of artificial inoculation.”
e1“Spring and fall crops of peanut are grown each year in Taiwan.”
Claim · model-written summary
Average aflatoxin contents across peanut cultivars and crops ranged from 0 to 6.1 µg kg−1.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Organ / stage
- kernelse0
- Outcome
- Average aflatoxin contentse0
- Value
- 0 to 6.1 µg kg−1e0
- Qualifier
- all cultivars and cropse0
- Setting
- Taiwane1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average aflatoxin contents in the kernels harvested from all cultivars and crops ranged from 0 to 6.1 µg kg−1.”
e1“Spring and fall crops of peanut are grown each year in Taiwan.”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest sample aflatoxin content in the fall 1996 peanut crop was 4.0 µg kg−1.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae2
- Outcome
- aflatoxin contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.0e0
- Qualifier
- fall 1996e1
- Setting
- Taiwane2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of aflatoxin content among samples of the four crops were 4.0, 18.2, 9.6 and 36.7 µg kg−1, respectively.”
e1“Three cultivars, ie Tainan 9, Tainan 11 and Tainan 12, were consecutively grown for fall 1996, spring 1997, fall 1997 and spring 1998 crops with green vegetable pea for rotation.”
e2“Spring and fall crops of peanut are grown each year in Taiwan.”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest sample aflatoxin content in the spring 1997 peanut crop was 18.2 µg kg−1.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae2
- Outcome
- aflatoxin contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 18.2e0
- Qualifier
- spring 1997e1
- Setting
- Taiwane2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of aflatoxin content among samples of the four crops were 4.0, 18.2, 9.6 and 36.7 µg kg−1, respectively.”
e1“Three cultivars, ie Tainan 9, Tainan 11 and Tainan 12, were consecutively grown for fall 1996, spring 1997, fall 1997 and spring 1998 crops with green vegetable pea for rotation.”
e2“Spring and fall crops of peanut are grown each year in Taiwan.”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest sample aflatoxin content in the fall 1997 peanut crop was 9.6 µg kg−1.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae2
- Outcome
- aflatoxin contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 9.6e0
- Qualifier
- fall 1997e1
- Setting
- Taiwane2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of aflatoxin content among samples of the four crops were 4.0, 18.2, 9.6 and 36.7 µg kg−1, respectively.”
e1“Three cultivars, ie Tainan 9, Tainan 11 and Tainan 12, were consecutively grown for fall 1996, spring 1997, fall 1997 and spring 1998 crops with green vegetable pea for rotation.”
e2“Spring and fall crops of peanut are grown each year in Taiwan.”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest sample aflatoxin content in the spring 1998 peanut crop was 36.7 µg kg−1.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae2
- Outcome
- aflatoxin contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 36.7 µg kg−1e0
- Qualifier
- spring 1998e1
- Setting
- Taiwane2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest levels of aflatoxin content among samples of the four crops were 4.0, 18.2, 9.6 and 36.7 µg kg−1, respectively.”
e1“Three cultivars, ie Tainan 9, Tainan 11 and Tainan 12, were consecutively grown for fall 1996, spring 1997, fall 1997 and spring 1998 crops with green vegetable pea for rotation.”
e2“Spring and fall crops of peanut are grown each year in Taiwan.”
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See all 49 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.