Abstract
In order to find out factors in "Kuroboku" of acidic soil injurious to the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch, water cultivation was carried out. The results are as follows: (1) Hydrogen ion concentration: Even Italian ryegrass, which is moderately tolerant to the acidity of soil, the yield showed decrease, when the pH in the culture solution was lowered to 4.3. At pH 4.3, the percent content of calcium and phosphorus on dry weight basis was suppressed. In the culture solution at pH 4.3 the growth of milk vetch markedly decreased and the percent content of calcium and potassium was suppressed. On the other hand, the yield of milk vetch also decreased, when pH value was raised from 5.3 to 6.3. The percent content of inorganic matter was decreased, similarly to the phenomenon observed at pH 4.3. This might be one of the cause for the low yield of milk vetch on slightly acidic soil. (2) Aluminum: Aluminum at the concentration of as low as 0.5 ppm inhibited the growth of milk vetch. However the same concentration of aluminum promoted the plant growth of Italian ryegrass. For both of the forage crops, the dry weight percentage of phosphorus was severely suppressed and their growth was strongly reduced by the aluminum concentraction of 5 ppm. For milk vetch, the suppression of the dry weight percentage of calcium, potassium and magnesium was also observed. In this experiment, the decrease of phosphorus uptake was probably largely due to the precipitation of calcium phosphate in the culture solution. (3) Lime: The low concentration of both lime and magnesium was highly injurious to the growth of plant. The optimum concentration of calcium in the culture solution of milk vetch was higher than that of Italian ryegrass. According as the concentration of lime in the nutrient solution has increased, calcium percentage in the top also increased, Magnesium content in both plants dereased under this condition. However, suppression of phosphorus percentage was observed only in the case of milk vetch. Potassium percentage has increased when the concentration of lime in the nutrient solution was raised from low level to standard level. However potassium percentage in Italian ryegrass greatly has increased when the concentration of both lime and magnesium in the nutrient solution was lowered. (4) Magnesium: The optimum concentration of magnesium in the culture solution for milk vetch was lower than that for Italian ryegrass. When concentration of magnesium in the culture solution was low, lime, phosphorus and patassium percentage in the dry matter of Italian ryegrass were also low, but calcium percentage of milk vetch was increased. On the other hand, when magnesium concentration showed increase from standard level to high level, calcium percentage decreased to a level of lime defficient value and phosphorus and potassium percentage also decreased at the same time. (5) Nitrate: The optimum concentration of nitrate nitrogen in culture solution was low for milk vetch, and the yield decreased markedly according to the heightened concentration of nitrate nitrogen. This fact is thought to be the cause for the crop decrease in the case of weakly or slightly acidic soil. The increasing supply of nitrate reduced the growth severely, accompanied by the decrease in the starch content in leaf blades. Thc optimum concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the culture solution for Italyan ryegrass was higher and so much difference was not found in the starch content in leaf blades, when the concentration of nitrate was varied. (6) Nitrite: Nitrite nitrogen in culture solution was injurious to the growth of milk vetch at the low concentration of 2 ppm. However the growth of Italyan ryegrass was promoted at the same concentration, suggesting the high tolerance of this plant to the nitrite nitrogen.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 4.3 the yield of Italian ryegrass decreased.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrass
Lolium multiflorume1 - Treatment
- the pH in the culture solution was lowered to 4.3e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Setting
- water cultivatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injurious to the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch, water cultivation was carried out”
e1“Even Italian ryegrass, which is moderately tolerant to the acidity of soil, the yield showed decrease, when the pH in the culture solution was lowered to 4.3”
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 4.3 the calcium and phosphorus percentages of Italian ryegrass dry weight were suppressed.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume1
- Treatment
- pH 4.3e2
- Outcome
- percent content of calcium and phosphorus on dry weight basise2
- Direction
- suppressede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Even Italian ryegrass, which is moderately tolerant to the acidity of soil, the yield showed decrease, when the pH in the culture solution was lowered to 4.3”
e2“At pH 4.3, the percent content of calcium and phosphorus on dry weight basis was suppressed”
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 4.3 the growth of milk vetch decreased markedly.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“In the culture solution at pH 4.3 the growth of milk vetch markedly decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 4.3 the calcium and potassium percentages of milk vetch were suppressed.
- Taxon
- milk vetche3
- Treatment
- pH 4.3e3
- Outcome
- percent content of calcium and potassiume4
- Direction
- suppressede4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“In the culture solution at pH 4.3 the growth of milk vetch markedly decreased”
e4“the percent content of calcium and potassium was suppressed”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising the pH of milk vetch culture from 5.3 to 6.3 decreased its yield; the inorganic matter percentage was also decreased.
- Taxon
- milk vetche5
- Treatment
- pH value was raised from 5.3 to 6.3e5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Qualifier
- The percent content of inorganic matter was decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“the yield of milk vetch also decreased, when pH value was raised from 5.3 to 6.3”
e6“The percent content of inorganic matter was decreased, similarly to the phenomenon observed at pH 4.3”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum at 0.5 ppm inhibited the growth of milk vetch.
- Taxon
- milk vetche7
- Treatment
- Aluminume7
- Outcome
- the growth of milk vetche7
- Direction
- inhibitede7
- Value
- 0.5 ppme7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“Aluminum at the concentration of as low as 0.5 ppm inhibited the growth of milk vetch”
Claim · model-written summary
The same aluminum concentration promoted the growth of Italian ryegrass.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume1
- Treatment
- aluminume1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- promotede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“However the same concentration of aluminum promoted the plant growth of Italian ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum at 5 ppm severely suppressed the dry weight percentage of phosphorus in both forage crops and strongly reduced their growth.
- Taxon
- forage cropse1
- Treatment
- aluminume1
- Outcome
- dry weight percentage of phosphoruse1
- Direction
- severely suppressede1
- Value
- 5 ppme1
- Qualifier
- their growth was strongly reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“For both of the forage crops, the dry weight percentage of phosphorus was severely suppressed and their growth was strongly reduced by the aluminum concentraction of 5 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
The dry weight percentages of calcium, potassium and magnesium were suppressed in milk vetch.
Verbatim
e1“For milk vetch, the suppression of the dry weight percentage of calcium, potassium and magnesium was also observed”
Claim · model-written summary
A low concentration of both lime and magnesium was highly injurious to plant growth.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrass and milk vetche0
- Treatment
- low concentration of both lime and magnesiume1
- Outcome
- growth of plante1
- Direction
- injuriouse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“injurious to the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch, water cultivation was carried out”
e1“The low concentration of both lime and magnesium was highly injurious to the growth of plant”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimum calcium concentration in the culture solution was higher for milk vetch than for Italian ryegrass.
Verbatim
e1“The optimum concentration of calcium in the culture solution of milk vetch was higher than that of Italian ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing lime in the nutrient solution increased calcium percentage in the top of the plants.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrass and milk vetche0
- Treatment
- concentration of lime in the nutrient solution has increasede1
- Outcome
- calcium percentage in the tope1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- Magnesium content in both plants dereased under this conditione2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“injurious to the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch, water cultivation was carried out”
e1“According as the concentration of lime in the nutrient solution has increased, calcium percentage in the top also increased”
e2“Magnesium content in both plants dereased under this condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising lime from low to standard level increased potassium percentage.
Verbatim
e0“injurious to the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch, water cultivation was carried out”
e1“Potassium percentage has increased when the concentration of lime in the nutrient solution was raised from low level to standard level”
Claim · model-written summary
Lowering lime and magnesium together greatly increased the potassium percentage of Italian ryegrass.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume1
- Treatment
- concentration of both lime and magnesium in the nutrient solution was lowerede1
- Outcome
- potassium percentagee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“However potassium percentage in Italian ryegrass greatly has increased when the concentration of both lime and magnesium in the nutrient solution was lowered”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimum magnesium concentration in the culture solution was lower for milk vetch than for Italian ryegrass.
Verbatim
e1“The optimum concentration of magnesium in the culture solution for milk vetch was lower than that for Italian ryegrass”
Claim · model-written summary
At low magnesium concentration, calcium percentage of milk vetch increased.
- Taxon
- milk vetche1
- Treatment
- concentration of magnesium in the culture solution was lowe0
- Outcome
- calcium percentagee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- lime, phosphorus and patassium percentage in the dry matter of Italian ryegrass were also lowe2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“When concentration of magnesium in the culture solution was low”
e1“but calcium percentage of milk vetch was increased”
e2“lime, phosphorus and patassium percentage in the dry matter of Italian ryegrass were also low”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising magnesium from standard to high level decreased phosphorus and potassium percentages.
Verbatim
e0“injurious to the growth of Italian ryegrass and milk vetch, water cultivation was carried out”
e1“when magnesium concentration showed increase from standard level to high level”
e2“calcium percentage decreased to a level of lime defficient value”
e3“phosphorus and potassium percentage also decreased at the same time”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrate decreased the yield of milk vetch markedly, with a decrease in leaf-blade starch.
- Taxon
- milk vetche0
- Treatment
- heightened concentration of nitrate nitrogene1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- decreased markedlye1
- Qualifier
- accompanied by the decrease in the starch content in leaf bladese2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The optimum concentration of nitrate nitrogen in culture solution was low for milk vetch”
e1“the yield decreased markedly according to the heightened concentration of nitrate nitrogen”
e2“The increasing supply of nitrate reduced the growth severely, accompanied by the decrease in the starch content in leaf blades”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrite nitrogen at 2 ppm was injurious to the growth of milk vetch.
- Taxon
- milk vetche1
- Treatment
- Nitrite nitrogen in culture solutione1
- Outcome
- growth of milk vetche1
- Direction
- injuriouse1
- Value
- 2 ppme1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Nitrite nitrogen in culture solution was injurious to the growth of milk vetch at the low concentration of 2 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
The same nitrite concentration promoted the growth of Italian ryegrass.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Nitrite nitrogen in culture solutione1
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Value
- 2 ppme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Even Italian ryegrass, which is moderately tolerant to the acidity of soil, the yield showed decrease, when the pH in the culture solution was lowered to 4.3”
e1“Nitrite nitrogen in culture solution was injurious to the growth of milk vetch at the low concentration of 2 ppm”
e2“However the growth of Italyan ryegrass was promoted at the same concentration”
The same questions in other papers
aluminium atom · growth · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
nitrogen · growth · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →ph · yield · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
ph · growth · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.