Abstract
Between-row spacing (30, 60, or 90 cm) and within-row spacing (15,25, 36, or 47 cm) affected wilt development and yield of sunflowers growing in a field that was heavily infested with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Wilt incidence varied nonsignificantly and was 55.5% at crop maturity. Disease emanating from primary infection loci was common at the 15 cm spacing, and less common and delayed at the 25 cm spacing. At the 36 and 47 cm spacings, disease increase by plant-to-plant spread did not occur, and all wilt development was due to direct infection from sclerotia. Yield was highly correlated with percentage of wilted nonproductive plants (r = -0.75). Increase in between-row spacing promoted plant vigor and increased the percentage of wilted productive plants. Increase in both spacing factors decreased the percentage wilted nonproductive plants and increased yield. Yields were maximized at 26 000 to 49 000 plants/ha, a range of populations which had also maximized yields of sunflowers grown at other locations on soils that were noninfested. To minimize yield losses due to sclerotinia wilt, it is recommended that sunflowers be planted at optimum populations, and at plant spacings (at least 36 cm) that prevent transmission of the pathogen.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Wilt incidence at crop maturity was 55.5% and varied nonsignificantly with spacing.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Interactor
- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia sclerotiorume0pathogen - Outcome
- Wilt incidencee1
- Value
- 55.5%e1
- Qualifier
- varied nonsignificantlye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Wilt incidence varied nonsignificantly and was 55.5% at crop maturity”
e0“heavily infested with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The 25 cm within-row spacing gave less common and delayed disease from primary infection loci than 15 cm.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 25 cm spacinge2
- Outcome
- Disease emanating from primary infection locie2
- Direction
- less commone2
- Comparator
- 15 cm spacinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Disease emanating from primary infection loci was common at the 15 cm spacing, and less common and delayed at the 25 cm spacing”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease from primary infection loci was common at the 15 cm spacing.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- Disease emanating from primary infection locie2
- Qualifier
- common at the 15 cm spacinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Disease emanating from primary infection loci was common at the 15 cm spacing, and less common and delayed at the 25 cm spacing”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
At the 36 and 47 cm spacings, disease increase by plant-to-plant spread did not occur.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- disease increase by plant-to-plant spreade3
- Qualifier
- At the 36 and 47 cm spacingse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“At the 36 and 47 cm spacings, disease increase by plant-to-plant spread did not occur, and all wilt development was due to direct infection from sclerotia”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
At the 36 and 47 cm spacings, all wilt development was due to direct infection from sclerotia.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- wilt developmente3
- Qualifier
- direct infection from sclerotiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“At the 36 and 47 cm spacings, disease increase by plant-to-plant spread did not occur, and all wilt development was due to direct infection from sclerotia”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Increase in between-row spacing promoted plant vigor.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Increase in between-row spacinge4
- Outcome
- plant vigore4
- Direction
- promotede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Increase in between-row spacing promoted plant vigor and increased the percentage of wilted productive plants”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Increase in between-row spacing increased the percentage of wilted productive plants.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Increase in between-row spacinge4
- Outcome
- percentage of wilted productive plantse4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Increase in between-row spacing promoted plant vigor and increased the percentage of wilted productive plants”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Increase in both spacing factors decreased the percentage of wilted nonproductive plants.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Increase in both spacing factorse5
- Outcome
- percentage wilted nonproductive plantse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Increase in both spacing factors decreased the percentage wilted nonproductive plants and increased yield”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Increase in both spacing factors increased yield.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Increase in both spacing factorse5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Increase in both spacing factors decreased the percentage wilted nonproductive plants and increased yield”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was highly correlated with the percentage of wilted nonproductive plants (r = -0.75).
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- Yielde6
- Qualifier
- highly correlated with percentage of wilted nonproductive plants (r = -0.75)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Yield was highly correlated with percentage of wilted nonproductive plants (r = -0.75)”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Yields were maximized at 26 000 to 49 000 plants/ha.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- Yieldse7
- Direction
- maximizede7
- Value
- 26 000 to 49 000 plants/hae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Yields were maximized at 26 000 to 49 000 plants/ha”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower yields were maximized in the same population range at other, non-infested locations.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Qualifier
- grown at other locations on soils that were noninfestede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“had also maximized yields of sunflowers grown at other locations on soils that were noninfested”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflowers should be planted at optimum populations and at spacings of at least 36 cm to minimise yield losses from Sclerotinia wilt.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- plant spacings (at least 36 cm)e0
- Outcome
- minimize yield losses due to sclerotinia wilte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To minimize yield losses due to sclerotinia wilt, it is recommended that sunflowers be planted at optimum populations, and at plant spacings (at least 36 cm) that prevent transmission of the pathogen”
t0“sunflower”
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See all 85 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.