density · Yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)

Response of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer and Plant Spacing on Growth and Yield Contributing Character of Sunflower · 1970

• positive
  At 20 cm spacing, the 120 kg N plus 75 kg P2O5 rate produced the highest seed yield.
• positive
  At 20 cm spacing, the 120 kg N plus 75 kg P2O5 rate produced the highest head diameter.
• positive
  20 cm spacing produced the highest plot yield.

cited by 1 paper here

Effects of Nitrogen Rates and Plant Spacing on Sunflower Seed Yields and Other Characteristics¹ · 1971

• positive
  Head diameter increased with each 15-cm spacing increase.
• positive
  Yield per head increased with each 15-cm spacing increase.
• negative
  Seed yield decreased with each 15-cm spacing increase.

Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Plant Density on Sunflower¹ · 1974

• positive
  Increasing plant density increased seed yield and oil yield.
• negative
  Increasing density reduced head size and the percentage of large confectionery seeds.

cited by 6 papers here

GROWING SUNFLOWERS IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN · 1982

• positive
  A 36 cm row spacing gave greater sunflower yield than 18 or 53 cm.

  compared with row spacings of 18 or 53 cm

Effect of between-row and within-row spacings on development of sclerotinia wilt and yield of sunflower · 1985

• positive
  Increase in both spacing factors increased yield.

cites 1 paper here

Response of sunflower cultivars to plant density and nitrogen · 1985

• positive
  Lower planting density increased 100-seed weight, seeds per plant and yield per plant.

  compared with higher plant density (11·1 plants/m 2 )

cited by 2 papers here

Yield and Quality of Semidwarf and Standard‐Height Sunflower Hybrids Grown at Five Plant Populations¹ · 1987

• positive
  A plant population of 32 123 plants/ha gave the highest yield for hybrids of both plant types

cited by 1 paper here

Effects of Furrow Dikes on Water Conservation and Dryland Crop Yields · 1987

• positive
  Narrowing row spacing from 1.0 to 0.75 m significantly increased the 3-year average yield of sunflower grown after fallow.

Yield and quality of sunflower as affected by row orientation, row spacing and plant density · 2001

• positive
  The maximum yield of sunflower was produced in east-west rows at four to eight plants m- 2 and 75 to 100 cm row spacing.

cites 2 papers herecited by 7 papers here

Effect of date of sowing and planting geometry on spring -. sunflower (Helianthus annuus) · 2001

• positive
  Wider spacing improved yield attributes.

EFFECT OF INTERCROPPING SUNFLOWER WITH SOYBEAN AS AFFECTED BY PLANT SPACINGS OF SUNFLOWER AND NITROGEN FERTILlZE~ LEVELS ON YIELD UNDER RECLAIMED LAND CONDITION · 2002

• positive
  Spacing sunflower at 30 cm increased land equivalent ratio above one.
• negative
  Increasing sunflower spacing decreased sunflower seed yield; 20 cm produced more than 30 cm.

  compared with hill spacing of 30 cm

Effect of planting pattern and N splits on yield attributes, yield and quality of rainfed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) · 2003

• positive
  Sunflower seed yield was higher with 30 × 37.5 cm spacing in 1998.

  compared with closer (30 × 25 cm) spacing

• positive
  Sunflower seed yield was higher with 30 × 25 cm spacing in 1997.

  compared with wider spacing (30 × 37.5 cm)

• positive
  Sunflower yield attributes were higher at 30 × 25 cm than at 30 × 37.5 cm.

  compared with widest spacing of 30 × 37.5 cm

Effect of crop geometry and split application of N on nutrient uptake and yield of rainfed sunflower · 2004

• positive
  In 1998, seed yield was higher at wider spacing and reached 1022 kg ha.

  compared with closer spacing (30 * 25cm)

• positive
  In 1997, seed yield was higher at closer spacing and reached 810 kg ha'.

  compared with wider spacing (30 * 37.5cm)

Effect of plant population density on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in the transition zone of south west Nigeria. · 2005

• positive
  Highest density yielded about 75% more seed than intermediate density in 2003.

  compared with intermediate (55,000 plants/ha)

• positive
  Highest density yielded about 98% more seed than lowest density in 2003.

  compared with lowest

• positive
  Highest density yielded about 64% more seed than lowest density in 2002.

  compared with lowest

• positive
  Highest density yielded about 37% more seed than intermediate density in 2002.

  compared with intermediate (55,000 plants/ha)

cites 2 papers here

Effect of cultivation measures on index of photosynthesis and yield of sunflower · 2007

• positive
  At 15 cm versus 70 cm row spacing, Kharkovskiy 58 yield increased 0.62-1.1 t/ha.

  compared with row spacing of 70 cm

• positive
  At 15 cm versus 70 cm row spacing, Zaporozhskiy 9 yield increased 0.11-0.70 t/ha.

  compared with row spacing of 70 cm

• positive
  At 15 cm versus 70 cm row spacing, Lider yield increased 0.24-0.59 t/ha.

  compared with row spacing of 70 cm

• positive
  At 15 cm versus 70 cm row spacing, Prometey yield increased 0.20-0.63 t/ha.

  compared with row spacing of 70 cm

Effects of variety and row spacing on radiation interception, partitioning of dry matter and seed set efficiency in late season sunflower (Helianthusannuus L.) in a humid zone of Nigeria · 2007

• positive
  Seed yield per hectare increased as plant density increased.
• negative
  Yield of individual plants and their components were significantly reduced as plant density increased.

cited by 1 paper here

Study of the Effect of Drought Stress on Yield, Yield Components and Harvest Index of Sunflower Hybrid Iroflor at Different Levels of Nitrogen and Plant Population · 2009

• positive
  Higher plant population increased grain yield.
• negative
  Higher plant population decreased harvest index.

cites 3 papers herecited by 2 papers here

EFFECTS OF ROW SPACING ON AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS OF THREE DOUBLE CROPPED SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS EFEITOS DO ESPAÇAMENTO ENTRE LINHAS NOS CARACTERES AGRONÔMICOS DE TRÊS HÍBRIDOS DE GIRASSOL CULTIVADOS NA SAFRINHA · 2009

• positive
  Forty centimeter spacing produced larger achene yield and more achenes per capitulum.

Use of minimum tillage in sunflower growing under steppe conditions of southern Ukraine · 2010

• positive
  At 22.8 cm row spacing after wheat, Zaporozhskiy 14 yield increased by 0.07-0.19 t/ha after regular plowing compared with 70 cm spacing.

  compared with row spacing of 70 cm

• positive
  At 22.8 cm row spacing after wheat, Zaporozhskiy 14 yield increased by 0.10-0.12 t/ha after anti-erosion tillage compared with 70 cm spacing.

  compared with row spacing of 70 cm

Effect of Plant Density on Growth and Yield of Three Sunflower Hybrids (Helianthus annuus L.) as a Second Crop · 2010

• positive
  Dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, and relative growth rate increased with density.

cites 2 papers here

SOME AGRONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) IN NEWLY CULTIVATED SANDY SOIL · 2010

• positive
  Wide spacing of 30 cm (23,333 plants per fad.) appeared to give the highest plant height, head diameter and 100-seed weight.

RESPONSE OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) TO PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION UNDER DIFFERENT PLANT SPACING AT NEW VALLEY · 2010

• positive
  Wide 30 cm spacing maximized diameter, seed weight, husk, oil percentage and yield per plant.
• positive
  Narrow 10 cm spacing maximized plant height, seed yield and oil yield per area.

cited by 4 papers here

YIELD AND OIL CONTENT OF SUNFLOWER ( HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) AS INFLUENCED BY SPACING AND REDUCED IRRIGATION CONDITION · 2012

• positive
  At 75 cm row spacing, sunflower biological yield reached the maximum of 10.02 t ha -1.
• positive
  At 75 cm row spacing, sunflower achene yield reached the maximum of 2.97 t ha -1.

cites 1 paper herecited by 2 papers here

Effects of Drought Stress, Nitrogen Amounts and Plant Densities on Grain Yield, Rapidity and Period of Grain Filing in Sunflower · 2012

• positive
  Grain yield responded positively to greater plant density.

Effect of Planting Pattern and Plant Density on Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower, Hisun-36 Hybrid · 2012

• positive
  Seed yield per plant rose significantly with wider row spacing.
• positive
  Wider rows increased 1000-kernel weight without significance.
• positive
  Wider rows increased seeds per head without significance.
• negative
  Seed yield per unit area fell significantly with wider row spacing.

Effect of Planting Dates and Plant Spacing on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Iraqi Kurdistan Region · 2013

• positive
  March 15th planting at 15cm spacing produced the highest seed yield.
• positive
  March15th planting at 25 cm spacing gave significantly higher 1000 seed weight and seed weight per plant.
• positive
  Earlier planting date and narrow spacing gave significantly higher seed yield.

Effect of Plant Densities on Growth, Yield Components and Quality of Some Sunflower Cultivars ( Helianthus annuus L.) · 2013

• positive
  Increasing plant density significantly increased seed yield per unit area.
• negative
  Stem diameter, leaf area and head diameter decreased with increasing plant density.
• negative
  Number of seeds per head, weight of thousand seed and hulls decreased with increasing plant density.
• negative
  Fertility percent, harvest index and seed yield per plant decreased with increasing plant density.

cites 1 paper here

STANDARDIZATION OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR YIELD MAXIMIZATION IN SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) · 2013

• positive
  The 133 percent RDF treatment at higher density gave seed yield of 2478 kg/ha.

  compared with 100% RDF with same level of FYM and plant population

Influence of plant spacing and sowing time on yield of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) · 2014

• positive
  Increasing row spacing increased yield.
• positive
  Early planting at 75 cm ×20 cm produced the highest harvest index, 18.93%.
• positive
  Early planting at 75 cm ×20 cm yielded the highest seed yield, 2489 kg/ha.

cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here

Effect of spacing and nutrient management on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under south Gujarat condition. · 2014

• positive
  spacing 30 cm x 20 cm gave higher seed and stover yields.
• positive
  Spacing 30 cm x 20 cm gave the highest BCR.
• positive
  spacing 60 cm x 20 cm gave maximum head diameter, number of seeds per head and 100 seed weight.

cited by 1 paper here

EFFECT OF MOLE DRAINS AND COMPOST APPLICATION ON SOME SOIL PROPERTIES, WATER RELATIONS AND ITS PRODUCTIVITY AT NORTH DELTA. · 2014

• positive
  Sunflower yields and components ranked 2m above 4 m above 6 m spacing and increased with compost, especially high rates.

Sunflower Yield and Yield Components under Different Sowing Conditions · 2015

• positive
  A 75 cm row spacing gave the highest yield under favourable growing conditions.
• positive
  Increasing plant population increased yield under favourable growing conditions.
• positive
  A 50 cm row spacing gave the highest yield under less favourable growing conditions.
• negative
  Increasing plant population decreased yield under less favourable growing conditions.
• negative
  Increasing plant population from 50,000 to 70,000 plants per hectare decreased head yield components.

  compared with 50,000

cites 2 papers herecited by 3 papers here

NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND NARROW PLANT SPACING STIMULATES SUNFLOWER PRODUCTIVITY · 2015

• positive
  Application of 150 kg N per hectare at 83,333 plants per hectare gave the maximum achene yield.

cites 3 papers herecited by 2 papers here

Optimizing nitrogen rate and planting density for sunflower under irrigated conditions of Punjab · 2015

• positive
  The 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen rate and 8.33 plants m-2 density gave highest achene yield.

cites 1 paper here

Crop water productivity for sunflower under different irrigation regimes and plant spacing in Gezira Scheme, Sudan · 2015

• positive
  The highest seed yield occurred at 40 cm spacing with irrigation every 10 days.

cited by 1 paper here

Response of seed yield and fatty acid compositions for some sunflower genotypes to plant spacing and nitrogen fertilization · 2017

• positive
  Sakha 53 at 25 cm spacing with 45 N fad.−1 gave the highest head diameter, 100-seed weight and seed weight per plant.

cited by 2 papers here

Effect of Sowing Density on the Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Hybrid Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Rabi Season · 2017

• positive
  Sowing density of 60x30 cm with single seedling and 100% RDF increased head diameter, seeds per head and head weight.
• positive
  Sowing density of 60x30 cm with single seedling and 100% RDF increased seed weight and seed volume weight.

cites 1 paper herecited by 2 papers here

Influence of Set Row Cultivation on Pearlmillet-Sunflower Sequence Cropping System in Vertic-Inceptisol · 2017

• positive
  Wider 135 cm rows gave sunflower yield of 717 kg/ha, higher than farmer practice.

Response of Some Sunflower Hybrids (Helianthus annuus l.) to Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates and Plant Densities · 2017

• positive
  Spacing of 20cm produced the tallest plants and highest achene yield.

cites 5 papers herecited by 1 paper here

Impact of Plant Density and Humic Acid Application on Yield, Yield Components and Nutrient Uptakes of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Grown in a Newly Reclaimed Soil · 2017

• positive
  D2 gave the highest seed yield per hectare.
• positive
  D2 plus 5 kg ha-1 humic acid gave the highest seed yield.
• positive
  D1 had the highest seed yield per plant.

cites 6 papers herecited by 1 paper here

EFFECT OF INTERCROPPING PATTERNS AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER LEVELS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF INTERCROPPED SUGAR BEET AND SUNFLOWER · 2017

• positive
  Higher sunflower density increased sunflower height and seed yield.
• negative
  Sunflower yield components showed the opposite trend as sunflower density rose.

cites 1 paper here

Effect of plant density and bio–fertilizer on some morphological traits, seed yield and yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) · 2017

• positive
  Lower plant density increased head seeds weight in the first season.

Physiology, growth and productivity of staggered sown spring sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in response to varying intra-row spacing and applied nitrogen in the Indo-Gangetic Plains · 2017

• positive
  Closer intra-row spacing increased dry matter accumulation in plant parts other than seed.

cited by 1 paper here

OPTIMUM SOWING NORMS OF SUNFLOWER OF RODNIK VARIETY DEPENDING OF MINERAL NUTRITION BACKGROUND ON GREY FOREST SOILS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION · 2018

• positive
  A seeding rate of 70 thousand pieces per hectare raised sunflower yield by 0.51 tons per hectare compared with 60 thousand pieces per hectare, especially with N98P38K124 fertilization.

  compared with sowing rate of 60 thousand pieces per hectare

Influence of staggered sown Spring sunflower ( Helianthus Annuus L.) at varying intra–row spacing and applied–N on pre– and post–anthesis N dynamics and dry matter partitioning in Indo–Gangetic Plains Region · 2018

• positive
  Closer intra-row spacing increased dry matter in all parts except seed.

cites 1 paper here

Intra-Row Spacing and Variety Interaction Effects on the Yield Performance of Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) in Calabar · 2018

• positive
  Forty centimeter intra-row spacing gave the highest seed yield of 3.95 t ha-1.

cited by 1 paper here

INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND SEEDING NORMS ON CROP AND OIL OF SUNFLOWER SEEDS UNDER CONDITIONS OF FOREST-STEPPE OF MIDDLE VOLGA REGION · 2018

• positive
  Increasing the seeding rate to 74 thousand plants per hectare increased sunflower productivity by 0.376 tons per hectare.

  compared with 47 thousand pcs per hectare

INFLUENCE OF SUNFLOWER PLANTS DENSITY ON ITS PRODUCTIVITY UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION · 2018

• positive
  Maximum productivity of 5,8 t/ha occurred at 60 th.p/ha density and 80% HB moisture.

Spacing and weed management influence on productivity and economics of sunflower · 2019

• positive
  Spacing 75 × 25 cm increased per day return and seed yield.
• positive
  Spacing 75 × 25 cm increased gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio.
• negative
  Spacing 90 × 15 cm gave a higher cost of cultivation than the other spacings.

  compared with different spacing

INTER AND INTRA ROW COMPETITION EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS · 2020

• positive
  Narrow 50x20 cm and 50x25 cm spacing gave highest seed yield in the rainy year.
• positive
  Seed yield was highest at 50x20 cm spacing at 2759.9 kg ha -1.

  compared with 70x20 cm spacing

• positive
  The lowest plant population gave the highest yields in the dry year.
• negative
  Narrow spacing reduced stem thickness, head diameter and thousand-seed weight.
• negative
  Seed yield was lowest at 70x20 cm spacing at 1963.8 kg ha -1.

  compared with 50x20 cm spacing

cites 4 papers here

Changes in Seed Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in relation to the Seed Rate and Method of Sowing · 2020

• positive
  A seed rate of 8 kg/ha maximized sunflower head diameter, seeds per head and thousand-grain weight.

cites 3 papers here

Effect of Plant Density and Nitrogen Fertilizer Splitting on the Production of Sunflower · 2020

• positive
  Plant density of 20000 plants/fed gave the highest seed yield, 2669.14 and 2569.59 kg/fed. in the two seasons.

cites 5 papers herecited by 1 paper here

Impact of the seeding rate on the yield and its quality of the new sunflower hybrids · 2021

• positive
  Sunflower hybrid Arneb was the most stable in productivity across different seeding rates.

Response to spacing and weed management on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) productivity · 2022

• positive
  At 75 cm × 25cm spacing, 100 seed weight, volume weight and seed yield were higher.
• positive
  At 75 cm × 25cm spacing, head diameter, seed weight per head and seeds per head were higher.

cites 3 papers here

Effects of Fertilizer Rate and Spacing on Growth and Seed Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia · 2022

• positive
  The combined 23/23 kg/ha N and P2O5 rate with 75x30 cm spacing gave the highest net benefit in sunflower.
• no effect
  Plant spacing did not significantly affect growth and yield of sunflower, nor its interaction with inorganic fertilizer levels.

Response of Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L) to Plant Spacing · 2023

• positive
  Spacing of 30 cm produced the highest seeds per head, seed weight and yield per plant.

cites 1 paper here

Influence of plant density on productivity and quality indicators of sunflower oilseeds · 2023

• positive
  Natalie sunflower had its maximum yield at 60 thousand plants per hectare.

Agrobiological and agrochemical aspects of increasing the yield of sunflower hybrids in the Saratov Trans-Volga region · 2023

• positive
  A seeding rate of 60000 seeds/ha increased the yield of the studied hybrids by 0.23 t/ha.

EVALUATION OF SEED YIELD AND THOUSAND SEED WEIGHT OF CONFECTIONERY SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) VARIETIES GROWN BY DIFFERENT FARMING TECHNIQUES IN THE NORTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE · 2023

• positive
  Moldboard plowing with stated fertilizer doses and 20,400 plants/ha gave up to 122.3 g thousand-seed weight.
• positive
  Moldboard plowing with stated fertilizer doses and 40,800 plants/ha gave up to 4.24 t/ha seed yield.

Effect of different planting density of sunflower varieties on yield and yield attributing characters in rice-rice-sunflower cropping pattern · 2024

• positive
  BARI Sunflower2 had the highest head diameter (18.73 cm) at 50 cm × 45 cm planting density.
• positive
  Hysun33 had the highest thousand seed weight (67.73 gm) at 50 cm × 45 cm planting density.
• positive
  Hysun33 had the highest head weight (539.07 gm) at 50 cm × 45 cm planting density.
• positive
  Hysun33 had the highest total seed yield (3.27 tha-1) at 50 cm × 45 cm planting density.
• positive
  BARI Sunflower2 had the highest seed weight head-1 (53.39 gm) at 50 cm × 45 cm planting density.
• positive
  Hysun33 had the highest head diameter (19.27 cm) at 50 cm × 45 cm planting density.
• positive
  BARI Sunflower2 had the highest stover yield (8.04 t/ha) at 40 cm × 25 cm planting density.
• positive
  Hysun33 had the highest seed weight head-1 (65.89 gm) at 50 cm × 45 cm planting density.
• positive
  BARI Sunflower2 had the highest head weight (457.80 gm) at 50 cm × 45 cm planting density.
• positive
  BARI Sunflower2 had the highest thousand seed weight (64.07 gm) at 50 cm × 45 cm planting density.
• positive
  The highest total seed yield (2.94 t/ha) was obtained at 50 cm × 25 cm (8 plants m-2) planting density.
• positive
  Hysun33 had the highest harvest index (34.30 %) at 50 cm × 45 cm planting density.
• positive
  BARI Sunflower2 had the highest biological yield (10.73 t/ha) at 40 cm × 25 cm planting density.

cites 2 papers here

Effect of plant density and nanometric fertilization on the productivity of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crop grown in sandy soil. · 2024

• positive
  Wider spacing from 15 to 30 cm gradually increased seed weight per plant.

  compared with 15 cm

• positive
  Wider spacing from 15 to 30 cm gradually increased stem diameter, head diameter, and thousand-seed weight.

  compared with 15 cm

The Selection by Honey Comb Design and its Effect on Disk Area and Yield Under Three Plant Densities in Sunflower · 2024

• positive
  High density produced the highest grain yield, 7.355 tons ha -1, versus 5.887 tons ha -1 at low density.

  compared with low density

• positive
  Low density produced the highest seed count per disk, 1395.9, versus 1292.2 and 1152 at medium and high density.

  compared with medium and high plant densities

cites 1 paper here

Efficiency of technological methods of cultivation of sunflower maternal line · 2025

• positive
  Decreasing the seeding rate from 75 to 65 thousand pcs/ha significantly increased thousand-seed weight from 53.6 to 57.3 g

Determining the Effect of Date of Sowing and Spacing on Forage Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) · 2025

• positive
  Thirty-centimetre spacing significantly raised dry forage yield to 103.44 q/ha.

  compared with rest of the treatments

• positive
  Forty-five-centimetre spacing significantly raised head diameter to 15.71 cm.
• positive
  Thirty-centimetre spacing significantly raised green forage yield to 675.08 q/ha.

  compared with rest of the treatments

Relay Intercropping of Sunflower with Onion to Improve Productivity and Economic Return · 2025

• positive
  Relay intercropping of sunflower at 100% density with 100% onion using Giza 120 showed superior productivity and economic return.

THE EFFECT OF SOWING DATES AND SEEDING RATES ON SUNFLOWER PRODUCTIVITY UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF SOUTHERN UKRAINE · 2025

• positive
  Sowing at 10-12°C with 40 thousand viable seeds per hectare produced the highest sunflower yield.

PRODUCTIVITY OF SUNFLOWER HYBRID AURUS DEPENDING ON SOWING DATE AND SEEDING RATE · 2025

• positive
  May sowing at 80 thousand pcs/ha gave highest seed yield of 3.70 tons/ha.

EFFECT OF SEEDING RATE ON PRODUCTIVITY OF LARGE-SEEDED SUNFLOWER IN A SEED PRODUCTION SOWING · 2025

• positive
  Yield was highest at 60 thousand pcs/ha, reaching 3.18 t/ha.
• positive
  Total seed yield was highest at 60 thousand pcs/ha, reaching 3.10 t/ha.

PRODUCTIVITY OF SUNFLOWER HYBRID KLIP DEPENDING ON SOWING DATE AND SEEDING RATE · 2025

• positive
  Sowing in the middle or end of May at 80 thousand plants/ha gave the highest yield of sunflower hybrid Klip (3.17–3.20 t/ha).

Effects of Seed Coating Treatments and Plant Density on Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) Seed Yield and Quality · 2025

• positive
  The 45 × 30 cm spacing with hormone based seed coatings produced the highest seed yield of 6033.4 kg ha −1.

cites 3 papers here