Abstract
The effect of planting density on the flower bud formation on 'Starking Delicious' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grafted on dwarfing M.9 and M.26 and semidwarfing M.7 and MM.106 rootstocks and trained to a central leader was studied. 1. As planting density increased, the number of flower buds per tree and the percent of flower bud formation decreased, but the number of flower buds per hectare tended to increase. 2. The relationship between the number of flower buds per tree (Z) and the planting density (ρ) could be represented by the following reciprocal equation. 1/Z=(1.46ρ+82.7)10-6 (1) Also, the relationship between the number of flower buds per hectare (δ) and the planting density (ρ) could be represented by the following reciprocal equation. 1/δ=1.46·10-6+82.7·10-6/ρ (3) 3. The number of flower buds per tree and the percent of flower buds formed were negatively correlated to the tree height/spread ratio, indicating that the decrease of flower bud formation with an increased planting density was closely related to the upright form of the trees. 4. The vertical distribution of flower buds was closely related to the attenuation pattern of relative solar radiation along the canopy profile, indicating that the decrease of flower bud formation with an increased planting density was caused by decreasing of relative solar radiation. 5. In the 5th leaf of trees on M.9, an inhibition of 5% and more in flower buds formation occurred at higher density. As the trees aged, the inhibition shifted to the lower density plot. This shifting rate was accelerated in trees on M.26, M.7, and MM.106, compared with trees on M.9. The relationship between the percent of flower buds formed (φ) and the planting density (ρ) could be represented by the following reciprocal equation from the age of 6 years for trees/M.9 and 5 years for trees on other rootstocks, 1/φ=Aφρ+Bφ (4) where φ is 0≤φ≤100, and Aφ and Bφ depend on the tree age and rootstocks. 6. The φ remains constant at a lower LAI (F), whereas it decreased abruptly at a certain LAI. The relationship between the F and the φ could be approximated with the following two equations, In case of 0<F≤-b/2a, φ=-(b2/4a)+c (5) In case of F≥-b/2a, φ=aF2+bF+c (6) where a, b and c depend on the tree age and rootstocks. 7. LAI at which φ begins to decrease is defined as the critical LAI (Fφcri); Fφcri is expressed by the following equation. Fφcri=-b/2a (7) The Fφcri estimated by Eq. (7) had values of 1.9a2.1, regardless of tree age and rootstocks. 8. The relationship between the planting density (ρcri) and the number of flower buds per tree (ucri) at Fφcri, regardless of tree age and rootstocks, could be expressed as follows : ρcri=1.5×104·ucri-0.92 (10)
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
As planting density increased, the number of flower buds per tree and the percent of flower bud formation decreased in apple trees.
- Taxon
- Apple Trees
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- number of flower buds per tree and the percent of flower bud formatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As planting density increased, the number of flower buds per tree and the percent of flower bud formation decreased”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
As planting density increased, the number of flower buds per hectare tended to increase.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- number of flower buds per hectaree0
- Direction
- tended to increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As planting density increased, the number of flower buds per tree and the percent of flower bud formation decreased, but the number of flower buds per hectare tended to increase”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of flower buds per tree related to planting density by a reciprocal equation, 1/Z=(1.46ρ+82.7)10-6.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- number of flower buds per treee0
- Value
- 1/Z=(1.46ρ+82.7)10-6e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relationship between the number of flower buds per tree (Z) and the planting density (ρ) could be represented by the following reciprocal equation. 1/Z=(1.46ρ+82.7)10-6”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of flower buds per hectare related to planting density by a reciprocal equation, 1/δ=1.46·10-6+82.7·10-6/ρ.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- number of flower buds per hectaree0
- Value
- 1/δ=1.46·10-6+82.7·10-6/ρe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the relationship between the number of flower buds per hectare (δ) and the planting density (ρ) could be represented by the following reciprocal equation. 1/δ=1.46·10-6+82.7·10-6/ρ”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of flower buds per tree and the percent of flower buds formed were negatively correlated with the tree height/spread ratio.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- tree height/spread ratioe0
- Outcome
- number of flower buds per tree and the percent of flower buds formede0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: the correlate (tree height/spread ratio) is a tree trait, not an applied treatment; recorded in treatment for lack of a better field
Verbatim
e0“The number of flower buds per tree and the percent of flower buds formed were negatively correlated to the tree height/spread ratio”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret the decrease in flower bud formation at increased planting density as closely related to the upright form of the trees.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- increased planting densitye0
- Outcome
- decrease of flower bud formatione0
- Qualifier
- upright form of the treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the decrease of flower bud formation with an increased planting density was closely related to the upright form of the trees”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The vertical distribution of flower buds was closely related to the attenuation pattern of relative solar radiation along the canopy profile.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- attenuation pattern of relative solar radiatione0
- Outcome
- vertical distribution of flower budse0
- Setting
- canopy profilee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: the explanatory variable (light attenuation) is not an applied treatment; recorded in treatment
Verbatim
e0“The vertical distribution of flower buds was closely related to the attenuation pattern of relative solar radiation along the canopy profile”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the decrease in flower bud formation at increased planting density was caused by decreasing relative solar radiation.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- decreasing of relative solar radiatione0
- Outcome
- decrease of flower bud formatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the decrease of flower bud formation with an increased planting density was caused by decreasing of relative solar radiation”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
In the 5th leaf of trees on M.9, flower bud formation was inhibited by 5% and more at higher planting density.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- M.9e0
- Organ / stage
- 5th leafe0
- Treatment
- higher densitye0
- Outcome
- flower buds formatione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 5% and moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the 5th leaf of trees on M.9, an inhibition of 5% and more in flower buds formation occurred at higher density”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
As the trees aged, the inhibition of flower bud formation shifted to the lower density plot.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- As the trees agede0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- shiftede0
- Setting
- lower density plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the trees aged, the inhibition shifted to the lower density plot”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The shifting rate of inhibition was accelerated in trees on M.26, M.7 and MM.106 compared with trees on M.9.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- M.26, M.7, and MM.106e0
- Outcome
- shifting ratee0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Comparator
- trees on M.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This shifting rate was accelerated in trees on M.26, M.7, and MM.106, compared with trees on M.9”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The percent of flower buds formed related to planting density by the reciprocal equation 1/φ=Aφρ+Bφ from age 6 years for trees on M.9 and 5 years for other rootstocks.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- percent of flower buds formede0
- Value
- 1/φ=Aφρ+Bφe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relationship between the percent of flower buds formed (φ) and the planting density (ρ) could be represented by the following reciprocal equation from the age of 6 years for trees/M.9 and 5 years for trees on other rootstocks, 1/φ=Aφρ+Bφ”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The percent of flower buds formed (φ) remained constant at a lower LAI but decreased abruptly at a certain LAI.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- φe0
- Qualifier
- remains constant at a lower LAI (F), whereas it decreased abruptly at a certain LAIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The φ remains constant at a lower LAI (F), whereas it decreased abruptly at a certain LAI”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical LAI at which flower bud percentage begins to decrease had values of 1.9 to 2.1, regardless of tree age and rootstocks.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Fφcrie0
- Value
- 1.9a2.1e0
- Qualifier
- regardless of tree age and rootstockse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Fφcri estimated by Eq. (7) had values of 1.9a2.1, regardless of tree age and rootstocks”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
At the critical LAI, planting density related to flower buds per tree as ρcri=1.5×104·ucri-0.92, regardless of tree age and rootstocks.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- number of flower buds per treee0
- Value
- ρcri=1.5×104·ucri-0.92e0
- Qualifier
- regardless of tree age and rootstockse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relationship between the planting density (ρcri) and the number of flower buds per tree (ucri) at Fφcri, regardless of tree age and rootstocks, could be expressed as follows : ρcri=1.5×104·ucri-0.92”
t0“'Starking Delicious' Apple Trees”