Abstract
Light-trap catches of Heliothis armigera (Hb.) reach peaks during the wet seasons, April and November–January. Initial infestation of seed beans by H. armigera occurs in April–May at the time of flowering of the early-sown crop, the adults probably originating from an earlier generation on maize. Two generations are completed during the main seed bean season, the first on early-sown beans and the second on later beans, and the dry period July–October may be passed in pupal diapause. Damage, caused by the older larvae eating the seeds in the pod, is prevented by spraying the young larvae with DDT (25% e.c. at 3 pt/2 gal spray/acre) (the standard treatment) or endosulfan (35% e.c. at 1½ pt/2 gal spray/acre) at about six weeks after the beans emerge. Adults of the Pentatomid Nezara viridula (L.) invade bean fields from alternative host-plants at the same time as H. armigera . This species, even in small numbers, causes the loss of young pods and also damages or kills the developing seed. It is not controlled by the standard DDT treatment for H. armigera , but the following insecticides were found to be effective: γBHC 20% e.c. (1¼ pt), dieldrin 18% e.c. (2 pt) and endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt) in 2 gal spray/acre. Where N. viridula and H. armigera are found together, the standard recommendation is endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt/2 gal spray/acre). The Coreids Acanthomia horrida (Germ.) and A. tomentosicollis (Stål) cause damage similar to that of N. viridula , but are serious only when infestations are heavy. They were found to be controlled by DDT, dieldrin or endosulfan at the rates given above. Alatae of the bean aphis Aphis fabae Scop, invade bean fields mainly during the first two weeks of the crop, producing apterae which concentrate on the tip of the plants. Damage (stunting, and loss of flowers and pods) is serious only when large populations of apterae are produced on a high proportion of the young plants. The early infestation demands control measures separate from those for the other pests, the most effective being methyl-demeton 50% e.c. (½ pt/2 gal spray/acre) applied 3–4 weeks after emergence. Endosulfan, although promising and far less toxic than methyl-demeton to larvae of the predator Cheilomenes lunata (F.), was discarded on grounds of cost, as was dimethoate. Aphid populations reached a peak during July and August and decreased with the warmer weather in September. A large number of alternative host-plants is listed, but the source of the primary flight into beans is not known. Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon), the life-cycle of which is completed in 23 days, is unimportant on seed beans as it is least abundant during the growing period of the main crop, but may damage plants suffering from water stress. Tunnelling in stems by larvae was controlled by seed dressings of aldrin or heptachlor (both 40% wettable powders mixed with seed at 1:200 w/w).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Light-trap catches of Heliothis armigera peak during the wet seasons.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Interactor
- Heliothis armigera
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=60)
Helicoverpa armigerae0pest - Outcome
- Light-trap catchese0
- Qualifier
- wet seasonse0
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e0“Light-trap catches of Heliothis armigera (Hb.) reach peaks during the wet seasons, April and November–January”
Claim · model-written summary
Initial infestation of seed beans by H. armigera occurs in April–May at flowering; two generations are completed in the main season.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Organ / stage
- floweringe1
- Interactor
- H. armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae1pest
- Outcome
- Initial infestatione1
- Qualifier
- Two generations are completed during the main seed bean seasone2
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“Initial infestation of seed beans by H. armigera occurs in April–May at the time of flowering of the early-sown crop”
e2“Two generations are completed during the main seed bean season, the first on early-sown beans and the second on later beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying young H. armigera larvae with DDT at about six weeks after emergence prevents damage to seeds.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Treatment
- spraying the young larvae with DDT (25% e.c. at 3 pt/2 gal spray/acre)e3
- Interactor
- H. armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae1pest
- Outcome
- Damagee3
- Direction
- preventede3
- Qualifier
- at about six weeks after the beans emergee3
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“Initial infestation of seed beans by H. armigera occurs in April–May at the time of flowering of the early-sown crop”
e3“Damage, caused by the older larvae eating the seeds in the pod, is prevented by spraying the young larvae with DDT (25% e.c. at 3 pt/2 gal spray/acre) (the standard treatment) or endosulfan (35% e.c. at 1½ pt/2 gal spray/acre) at about six weeks after the beans emerge”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan sprayed on young H. armigera larvae prevents damage to seeds at about six weeks after emergence.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Treatment
- endosulfan (35% e.c. at 1½ pt/2 gal spray/acre)e3
- Interactor
- H. armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae1pest
- Outcome
- Damagee3
- Direction
- preventede3
- Qualifier
- at about six weeks after the beans emergee3
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“Initial infestation of seed beans by H. armigera occurs in April–May at the time of flowering of the early-sown crop”
e3“Damage, caused by the older larvae eating the seeds in the pod, is prevented by spraying the young larvae with DDT (25% e.c. at 3 pt/2 gal spray/acre) (the standard treatment) or endosulfan (35% e.c. at 1½ pt/2 gal spray/acre) at about six weeks after the beans emerge”
Claim · model-written summary
Nezara viridula adults invade bean fields from alternative host plants at the same time as H. armigera.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Interactor
- Nezara viridula
Nezara viridulae5pest - Second interactor
- H. armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae5pest
- Outcome
- invade bean fieldse5
- Qualifier
- from alternative host-plantse5
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e5“Adults of the Pentatomid Nezara viridula (L.) invade bean fields from alternative host-plants at the same time as H. armigera”
Claim · model-written summary
Nezara viridula causes loss of young pods and also damages or kills the developing seed, even in small numbers.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Interactor
- Nezara viridulaNezara viridulae5pest
- Outcome
- loss of young podse6
- Qualifier
- also damages or kills the developing seede6
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e5“Adults of the Pentatomid Nezara viridula (L.) invade bean fields from alternative host-plants at the same time as H. armigera”
e6“This species, even in small numbers, causes the loss of young pods and also damages or kills the developing seed”
Claim · model-written summary
DDT as the standard treatment for H. armigera does not control Nezara viridula.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Treatment
- standard DDT treatment for H. armigerae7
- Interactor
- Nezara viridulaNezara viridulae5pest
- Second interactor
- H. armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae7pest
- Outcome
- controllede7
- Direction
- not controllede7
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e5“Adults of the Pentatomid Nezara viridula (L.) invade bean fields from alternative host-plants at the same time as H. armigera”
e7“It is not controlled by the standard DDT treatment for H. armigera , but the following insecticides were found to be effective: γBHC 20% e.c. (1¼ pt), dieldrin 18% e.c. (2 pt) and endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt) in 2 gal spray/acre”
Claim · model-written summary
γBHC 20% e.c. (1¼ pt) was effective against Nezara viridula.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Treatment
- γBHC 20% e.c. (1¼ pt)e7
- Interactor
- Nezara viridulaNezara viridulae5pest
- Outcome
- effectivee7
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e5“Adults of the Pentatomid Nezara viridula (L.) invade bean fields from alternative host-plants at the same time as H. armigera”
e7“It is not controlled by the standard DDT treatment for H. armigera , but the following insecticides were found to be effective: γBHC 20% e.c. (1¼ pt), dieldrin 18% e.c. (2 pt) and endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt) in 2 gal spray/acre”
Claim · model-written summary
Dieldrin 18% e.c. (2 pt) was effective against Nezara viridula.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Treatment
- dieldrin 18% e.c. (2 pt)e7
- Interactor
- Nezara viridulaNezara viridulae5pest
- Outcome
- effectivee7
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e5“Adults of the Pentatomid Nezara viridula (L.) invade bean fields from alternative host-plants at the same time as H. armigera”
e7“It is not controlled by the standard DDT treatment for H. armigera , but the following insecticides were found to be effective: γBHC 20% e.c. (1¼ pt), dieldrin 18% e.c. (2 pt) and endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt) in 2 gal spray/acre”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt) in 2 gal spray/acre was effective against Nezara viridula.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Treatment
- endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt) in 2 gal spray/acree7
- Interactor
- Nezara viridulaNezara viridulae5pest
- Outcome
- effectivee7
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e5“Adults of the Pentatomid Nezara viridula (L.) invade bean fields from alternative host-plants at the same time as H. armigera”
e7“It is not controlled by the standard DDT treatment for H. armigera , but the following insecticides were found to be effective: γBHC 20% e.c. (1¼ pt), dieldrin 18% e.c. (2 pt) and endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt) in 2 gal spray/acre”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt/2 gal spray/acre) is the standard recommendation where Nezara viridula and H. armigera occur together.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Treatment
- endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt/2 gal spray/acre)e1
- Interactor
- N. viridulaNezara viridulae1pest
- Second interactor
- H. armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae1pest
- Outcome
- standard recommendatione1
- Qualifier
- Where N. viridula and H. armigera are found togethere1
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“Where N. viridula and H. armigera are found together, the standard recommendation is endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt/2 gal spray/acre)”
Claim · model-written summary
Acanthomia horrida and A. tomentosicollis cause damage similar to that of Nezara viridula, serious only at heavy infestations.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“The Coreids Acanthomia horrida (Germ.) and A. tomentosicollis (Stål) cause damage similar to that of N. viridula , but are serious only when infestations are heavy”
Claim · model-written summary
DDT, dieldrin or endosulfan controlled Acanthomia horrida and A. tomentosicollis at the rates given above.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Treatment
- DDT, dieldrin or endosulfane2
- Interactor
- Acanthomia horridae1pest
- Second interactor
- A. tomentosicollise1pest
- Outcome
- controllede2
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“The Coreids Acanthomia horrida (Germ.) and A. tomentosicollis (Stål) cause damage similar to that of N. viridula , but are serious only when infestations are heavy”
e2“They were found to be controlled by DDT, dieldrin or endosulfan at the rates given above”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl-demeton 50% e.c. applied 3–4 weeks after emergence was the most effective control measure against Aphis fabae.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Treatment
- methyl-demeton 50% e.c. (½ pt/2 gal spray/acre)e3
- Interactor
- Aphis fabae
Aphis fabaee4pest - Outcome
- control measurese3
- Direction
- most effectivee3
- Qualifier
- applied 3–4 weeks after emergencee3
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e3“The early infestation demands control measures separate from those for the other pests, the most effective being methyl-demeton 50% e.c. (½ pt/2 gal spray/acre) applied 3–4 weeks after emergence”
e4“Alatae of the bean aphis Aphis fabae Scop, invade bean fields mainly during the first two weeks of the crop, producing apterae which concentrate on the tip of the plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan was far less toxic than methyl-demeton to larvae of the predator Cheilomenes lunata.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Treatment
- Endosulfane1
- Interactor
- Cheilomenes lunata
Cheilomenes lunatae1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- toxice1
- Direction
- less toxice1
- Qualifier
- discarded on grounds of coste1
- Comparator
- methyl-demetone1
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“Endosulfan, although promising and far less toxic than methyl-demeton to larvae of the predator Cheilomenes lunata (F.), was discarded on grounds of cost, as was dimethoate”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphis fabae invades bean fields mainly during the first two weeks of the crop.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Interactor
- Aphis fabaeAphis fabaee1pest
- Outcome
- invade bean fieldse1
- Qualifier
- mainly during the first two weeks of the crope1
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“Alatae of the bean aphis Aphis fabae Scop, invade bean fields mainly during the first two weeks of the crop, producing apterae which concentrate on the tip of the plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphis fabae damage is serious only when large populations of apterae are produced on a high proportion of young plants.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Interactor
- Aphis fabaeAphis fabaee1pest
- Outcome
- Damage (stunting, and loss of flowers and pods)e2
- Qualifier
- serious only when large populations of apterae are producede2
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“Alatae of the bean aphis Aphis fabae Scop, invade bean fields mainly during the first two weeks of the crop, producing apterae which concentrate on the tip of the plants”
e2“Damage (stunting, and loss of flowers and pods) is serious only when large populations of apterae are produced on a high proportion of the young plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphid populations peaked during July and August and decreased in September.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“Aphid populations reached a peak during July and August and decreased with the warmer weather in September”
Claim · model-written summary
Melanagromyza phaseoli is least abundant on seed beans during the growing period of the main crop and may damage water-stressed plants.
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon), the life-cycle of which is completed in 23 days, is unimportant on seed beans as it is least abundant during the growing period of the main crop, but may damage plants suffering from water stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed dressings of aldrin or heptachlor controlled stem tunnelling by larvae.
- Taxon
- seed beanst0
- Treatment
- seed dressings of aldrin or heptachlore1
- Outcome
- controllede1
- Qualifier
- both 40% wettable powders mixed with seed at 1:200 w/we1
- Setting
- northern Tanzaniat0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania”
e1“Tunnelling in stems by larvae was controlled by seed dressings of aldrin or heptachlor (both 40% wettable powders mixed with seed at 1:200 w/w)”
The same questions in other papers
endosulfan · control · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
aldrin · control · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
application · Aphis fabae · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →seed treatment · control · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.