Abstract
BACKGROUND: A 3-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). The relationship between grain Cd and soil and plant variables was explored to determine the primary factors affecting grain Cd concentration. RESULTS: Mycorrhizal colonization of the roots was reduced by conventional tillage or when the preceding crop was canola (Brassica napus L.), compared to minimum tillage or when the preceding crop was flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). In contrast, grain Cd was not consistently affected by any treatment. Grain Cd was generally below the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of 100 microg Cd kg(-1) proposed by WHO. Grain Cd varied substantially from year to year, and could be predicted with 70% of variance accounted for by using the model: grain Cd concentration = - 321.9 + 44.5x ln(grain yield) + 0.26x soil DTPA-Cd + 182.5x soil electrical conductivity (EC)- 0.98x grain Zn concentration. CONCLUSIONS: These common agricultural management practices had no effect on grain Cd concentration in durum wheat though they impacted mycorrhizal colonization of roots. Grain yield and to a lesser extent soil conditions of EC and DTPA-Cd and grain Zn influenced grain Cd, whereas mycorrhizal colonization levels did not.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional rather than minimum tillage reduced mycorrhizal colonization of durum wheat roots.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0 - Treatment
- conventional tillagee1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- Mycorrhizal colonization of the rootse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- minimum tillagee1
- Setting
- 3-year field triale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 3-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)”
e1“Mycorrhizal colonization of the roots was reduced by conventional tillage or when the preceding crop was canola (Brassica napus L.), compared to minimum tillage or when the preceding crop was flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization of durum wheat roots was reduced when the preceding crop was canola rather than flax.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- preceding crop was canolae1
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- Mycorrhizal colonization of the rootse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- preceding crop was flaxe1
- Setting
- 3-year field triale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 3-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)”
e1“Mycorrhizal colonization of the roots was reduced by conventional tillage or when the preceding crop was canola (Brassica napus L.), compared to minimum tillage or when the preceding crop was flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Cd was not consistently affected by tillage, preceding crop or phosphate fertilization.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grain Cde2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 3-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)”
e2“In contrast, grain Cd was not consistently affected by any treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Cd was generally below the maximum permissible concentration of 100 microg Cd kg(-1) proposed by WHO.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Outcome
- Grain Cde3
- Direction
- belowe3
- Comparator
- maximum permissible concentration (MPC)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 3-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)”
e3“Grain Cd was generally below the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of 100 microg Cd kg(-1) proposed by WHO”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Cd varied substantially from year to year.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Outcome
- Grain Cde4
- Qualifier
- varied substantially from year to yeare4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 3-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)”
e4“Grain Cd varied substantially from year to year, and could be predicted with 70% of variance accounted for by using the model”
Claim · model-written summary
A regression model of grain yield, soil and grain variables predicted grain Cd with 70% of variance accounted for.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Outcome
- variance accounted fore4
- Value
- 70%e4
- Qualifier
- Grain Cde4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 3-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)”
e4“Grain Cd varied substantially from year to year, and could be predicted with 70% of variance accounted for by using the model”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield influenced grain Cd, to a greater extent than soil conditions.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Organ / stage
- graine5
- Outcome
- grain Cde5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 3-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)”
e5“Grain yield and to a lesser extent soil conditions of EC and DTPA-Cd and grain Zn influenced grain Cd, whereas mycorrhizal colonization levels did not”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil conditions of EC and DTPA-Cd and grain Zn influenced grain Cd to a lesser extent than grain yield.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Compound
- DTPA-Cde5
- Outcome
- grain Cde5
- Qualifier
- to a lesser extente5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 3-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)”
e5“Grain yield and to a lesser extent soil conditions of EC and DTPA-Cd and grain Zn influenced grain Cd, whereas mycorrhizal colonization levels did not”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal colonization levels did not influence grain Cd.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain Cde5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 3-year field trial was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural management practices including tillage, preceding crop and phosphate fertilization on root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and grain cadmium (Cd) concentration of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)”
e5“Grain yield and to a lesser extent soil conditions of EC and DTPA-Cd and grain Zn influenced grain Cd, whereas mycorrhizal colonization levels did not”
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