Abstract
Abstract Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is frequently grazed from November until March in the Southern Great Plains. The effects of grazing on growth and grain yield are not clearly understood. Irrigated grazing trials were conducted on Pullman clay loam, a fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustolls soil, to determine the growth and grain yield responses of a semidwarf winter wheat cultivar (TAM 105) planted in late August using five dates of grazing termination in the spring. An ungrazed (grain‐only) treatment that was planted in early October and managed for high grain yield was included for reference. Wheat forage was removed to a 50‐ to 70‐mm stubble height (15 to 30% ground cover) by stocker cattle ( Bos taurus L.). Growing conditions were good, and heading dates averaged near normal. Growth and grain yield responses to grazing duration were basically the same for all growing seasons. Three‐year‐average grain yields were 4.79,4.79,4.29,3.70,3.20, and 2.40 Mg ha −1 dry weight for grain‐only, 1 February, 6 March, 17 March, 31 March, and 13 April grazing termination dates, respectively. The wheat grazed until 1 February had reduced leaf area index (LAI), biomass, mean tiller weight, height, and single‐seed weight; but grain yield, tiller density at heading, and harvest index were not reduced when compared to the grain‐only wheat. Grazing until 6 March or later progressively reduced LAI, biomass, tiller weight, height, and single‐seed weight. Heading was delayed by late grazing. Tiller density and harvest index were not reduced unless grazing continued past 31 March and 17 March, respectively. Grazing until 6 March or later appeared to reduce grain yield by limiting LAI and biomass in the spring. Since grain yield was reduced even by grazing until 6 March and the wheat did not reach Feeke's stage 6 until about 1 April, removal of spikes by grazing cattle can not be a primary cause of the loss in wheat grain yield. It was observed that grazing past the period of initial elongation of the first internode delayed internode elongation. This delay in reproductive development caused by continued grazing will need to be considered if grazing termination decisions are based on stage of development.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Three-year-average wheat grain yields were 4.79, 4.79, 4.29, 3.70, 3.20 and 2.40 Mg ha-1 dry weight for grain-only and the 1 February, 6 March, 17 March, 31 March and 13 April grazing termination dates, respectively.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- grazing termination datese1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 4.79,4.79,4.29,3.70,3.20, and 2.40 Mg hae0
- Comparator
- ungrazede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“grain yields were 4.79,4.79,4.29,3.70,3.20, and 2.40 Mg ha”
e1“1 February, 6 March, 17 March, 31 March, and 13 April grazing termination dates, respectively”
e2“An ungrazed”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grazed until 1 February had reduced leaf area index, biomass and mean tiller weight compared with grain-only wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- grazed until 1 Februarye0
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI), biomass, mean tiller weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“The wheat grazed until 1 February had reduced leaf area index (LAI), biomass, mean tiller weight, height, and single‐seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grazed until 1 February had reduced height and single-seed weight compared with grain-only wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- grazed until 1 Februarye0
- Outcome
- height, and single‐seed weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“The wheat grazed until 1 February had reduced leaf area index (LAI), biomass, mean tiller weight, height, and single‐seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield, tiller density at heading and harvest index of wheat grazed until 1 February were not reduced compared with grain-only wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- grazed until 1 Februarye1
- Outcome
- grain yield, tiller density at heading, and harvest indexe0
- Direction
- not reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“but grain yield, tiller density at heading, and harvest index were not reduced when compared to the grain‐only wheat”
e1“The wheat grazed until 1 February”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing until 6 March or later progressively reduced wheat LAI, biomass and tiller weight.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Grazing until 6 March or latere0
- Outcome
- LAI, biomass, tiller weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Grazing until 6 March or later progressively reduced LAI, biomass, tiller weight, height, and single‐seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing until 6 March or later progressively reduced wheat height and single-seed weight.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Grazing until 6 March or latere0
- Outcome
- height, and single‐seed weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Grazing until 6 March or later progressively reduced LAI, biomass, tiller weight, height, and single‐seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Heading of wheat was delayed by late grazing.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- late grazinge0
- Outcome
- Headinge0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Heading was delayed by late grazing”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat tiller density was not reduced unless grazing continued past 31 March.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- grazinge0
- Outcome
- Tiller densitye0
- Direction
- not reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Tiller density and harvest index were not reduced unless grazing continued past 31 March and 17 March, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat harvest index was not reduced unless grazing continued past 17 March.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- grazinge0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- not reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Tiller density and harvest index were not reduced unless grazing continued past 31 March and 17 March, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing until 6 March or later appeared to reduce wheat grain yield by limiting leaf area index and biomass in the spring.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Grazing until 6 March or latere0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- limiting LAI and biomass in the springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Grazing until 6 March or later appeared to reduce grain yield by limiting LAI and biomass in the spring”
Claim · model-written summary
Removal of spikes by grazing cattle cannot be a primary cause of the loss in wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- removal of spikes by grazing cattlee0
- Outcome
- loss in wheat grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- can not be a primary causee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“removal of spikes by grazing cattle can not be a primary cause of the loss in wheat grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Grazing past the period of initial elongation of the first internode delayed internode elongation in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- grazing past the period of initial elongation of the first internodee0
- Outcome
- internode elongatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“It was observed that grazing past the period of initial elongation of the first internode delayed internode elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth and grain yield responses of wheat to grazing duration were basically the same across growing seasons.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Growth and grain yield responses to grazing duratione0
- Qualifier
- basically the same for all growing seasonse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Growth and grain yield responses to grazing duration were basically the same for all growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
The grazed wheat did not reach Feekes stage 6 until about 1 April.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Feeke's stage 6e0
- Qualifier
- until about 1 Aprile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“the wheat did not reach Feeke's stage 6 until about 1 April”
Claim · model-written summary
The delay in reproductive development caused by continued grazing should be considered when grazing termination decisions are based on stage of development.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- continued grazinge0
- Outcome
- grazing termination decisionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“This delay in reproductive development caused by continued grazing will need to be considered if grazing termination decisions are based on stage of development”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.