Abstract
Herbivore-induced volatile organic compounds prime non-attacked plant tissues to respond more strongly to subsequent attacks. However, the key volatiles that trigger this primed state remain largely unidentified. In maize, the release of the aromatic compound indole is herbivore-specific and occurs earlier than other induced responses. We therefore hypothesized that indole may be involved in airborne priming. Using indole-deficient mutants and synthetic indole dispensers, we show that herbivore-induced indole enhances the induction of defensive volatiles in neighbouring maize plants in a species-specific manner. Furthermore, the release of indole is essential for priming of mono- and homoterpenes in systemic leaves of attacked plants. Indole exposure markedly increases the herbivore-induced production of the stress hormones jasmonate-isoleucine conjugate and abscisic acid, which represents a likely mechanism for indole-dependent priming. These results demonstrate that indole functions as a rapid and potent aerial priming agent that prepares systemic tissues and neighbouring plants for incoming attacks.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Maize releases indole specifically in response to herbivory, earlier than other induced responses.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In maize, the release of the aromatic compound indole is herbivore-specific and occurs earlier than other induced responses”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbivore-induced indole enhanced defensive volatile induction in neighbouring maize plants in a species-specific manner.
- Treatment
- herbivore-induced indolee0
- Interactor
- herbivoree0herbivore
- Outcome
- induction of defensive volatilese0
- Direction
- enhancese0
- Qualifier
- in a species-specific mannere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“herbivore-induced indole enhances the induction of defensive volatiles in neighbouring maize plants in a species-specific manner”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole release was essential for priming mono- and homoterpenes in systemic leaves of attacked maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the release of indole is essential for priming of mono- and homoterpenes in systemic leaves of attacked plants”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole exposure markedly increased herbivore-induced jasmonate-isoleucine conjugate production.
- Treatment
- Indole exposuree0
- Interactor
- herbivoree0herbivore
- Outcome
- herbivore-induced production of the stress hormones jasmonate-isoleucine conjugatee0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Indole exposure markedly increases the herbivore-induced production of the stress hormones jasmonate-isoleucine conjugate and abscisic acid”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole exposure markedly increased herbivore-induced abscisic acid production.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Indole exposure markedly increases the herbivore-induced production of the stress hormones jasmonate-isoleucine conjugate and abscisic acid”
t0“maize”
The same questions in other papers
indole · molecular: expression · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.