Abstract
Plants can use induced volatiles to detect herbivore- and pathogen-attacked neighbors and prime their defenses. Several individual volatile priming cues have been identified, but whether plants are able to integrate multiple cues from stress-related volatile blends remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole. In the absence of herbivory, HAC directly induced defence gene expression, whereas indole had no effect. Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signalling, defence gene expression, and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance. Plant resistance to caterpillars was more strongly induced in dual volatile-exposed plants than plants exposed to single volatiles.. Induced defence levels in dual volatile-exposed plants were significantly higher than predicted from the added effects of the individual volatiles, with the exception of induced plant volatile production, which showed no increase upon dual-exposure relative to single exposure. Thus, plants can integrate different volatile cues into strong and specific responses that promote herbivore defence induction and resistance. Integrating multiple volatiles may be beneficial, as volatile blends are more reliable indicators of future stress than single cues.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
HAC induced maize defense gene expression without herbivory.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of herbivory, HAC directly induced defence gene expression”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole had no effect without herbivory.
- Treatment
- indolee0
- Outcome
- defence gene expressione0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- absence of herbivorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of herbivory, HAC directly induced defence gene expression, whereas indole had no effect.”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
HAC increased jasmonate signaling after simulated herbivory.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signalling, defence gene expression, and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance.”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole increased jasmonate signaling after simulated herbivory.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signalling, defence gene expression, and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance.”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
HAC increased defense gene expression after simulated herbivory.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signalling, defence gene expression, and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance.”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole increased defense gene expression after simulated herbivory.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signalling, defence gene expression, and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance.”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
HAC increased defensive secondary metabolite production after simulated herbivory.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signalling, defence gene expression, and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance.”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole increased defensive secondary metabolite production after simulated herbivory.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signalling, defence gene expression, and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance.”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
HAC increased maize resistance after simulated herbivory.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signalling, defence gene expression, and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance.”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole increased maize resistance after simulated herbivory.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signalling, defence gene expression, and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance.”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual volatile exposure produced greater caterpillar resistance than single exposure.
- Treatment
- dual volatile-exposed plantse0
- Interactor
- caterpillarse0pest
- Outcome
- Plant resistance to caterpillarse0
- Direction
- more strongly inducede0
- Comparator
- plants exposed to single volatilese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant resistance to caterpillars was more strongly induced in dual volatile-exposed plants than plants exposed to single volatiles”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual exposure induced defense levels beyond the summed single-volatile effects.
- Treatment
- dual volatile-exposed plantse0
- Outcome
- Induced defence levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- added effects of the individual volatilese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Induced defence levels in dual volatile-exposed plants were significantly higher than predicted from the added effects of the individual volatiles”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual exposure did not increase induced volatile production over single exposure.
- Treatment
- dual-exposuree0
- Outcome
- induced plant volatile productione0
- Direction
- no increasee0
- Comparator
- single exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced plant volatile production, which showed no increase upon dual-exposure relative to single exposure”
e1“Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore-induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole.”
The same questions in other papers
indole · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
indole · disease · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
acetate · molecular: expression · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
indole · molecular: expression · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.