Abstract
Summary The effect of water availability and the temperature of the growth substrate on growth and disease development of softrot bacteria were studied using artificial media and plant material. Water availability was measured as the osmotic potential of a solution (ψ osm ) and was assessed for solutions of PEG4000 and KNO 3 as artificial osmotica and for plant tissue of chicory heads. Growth of softrot bacteria was found at water potentials from ψ= ‐0.12 MPa to ψ= ‐8.0 MPa but the lag phase of the growth curve increased with decreasing water potential. The relative growth rates of the three softrot pathogens showed a sigmoidal relationship with water potential, the relative growth rates decreasing rapidly at water potentials lower than ψ= ‐1.5 MPa. The water potential of harvested chicory heads decreased with storage time of the harvested crop but was still within the growth limits for softrot bacteria. In relation to temperature, the relative growth rate of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) was highest at 10°C, of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Eca) at 15°C and of Pseudomonas marginalis (Pm) at 5°C. Chicory heads of two cultivars, Rumba and Salsa, inoculated with Ecc , had a significantly higher disease severity at 30°C (0.72 for Rumba and 0.47 for Salsa) than at lower or higher temperatures. In conclusion, temperature and water availability during forcing of chicory were not factors limiting populations of softrot bacteria. Possibilities for crop protection thus only avail during chicory root storage. During storage a high death rate combined with a low growth rate of the softrot bacteria may result in a decrease of bacterial populations below the minimum densities needed for infection during the forcing of chicory heads.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Softrot bacterial growth occurred across water potentials of −0.12 to −8.0 MPa.
- Interactor
- softrot bacteriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Growth of softrot bacteriae0
- Value
- ψ= ‐0.12 MPa to ψ= ‐8.0 MPae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Growth of softrot bacteria was found at water potentials from ψ= ‐0.12 MPa to ψ= ‐8.0 MPa”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial growth lag increased as water potential decreased.
Not reportedTaxonSetting
Verbatim
e0“the lag phase of the growth curve increased with decreasing water potential.”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative growth rates of three softrot pathogens dropped rapidly below −1.5 MPa.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the relative growth rates decreasing rapidly at water potentials lower than ψ= ‐1.5 MPa.”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvested chicory head water potential decreased during storage but remained within softrot bacterial growth limits.
- Taxon
- chicory
Cichorium intybuse0 - Interactor
- softrot bacteriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- water potentiale0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water potential of harvested chicory heads decreased with storage time of the harvested crop but was still within the growth limits for softrot bacteria.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ecc had its highest relative growth rate at 10°C.
- Interactor
- Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorume0pathogen - Outcome
- relative growth rate of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovorae0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 10°Ce0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative growth rate of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) was highest at 10°C”
Claim · model-written summary
Eca had its highest relative growth rate at 15°C.
- Interactor
- Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica
Pectobacterium atrosepticume0pathogen - Outcome
- Erwinia carotovora subsp. atrosepticae0
- Value
- 15°Ce0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Eca) at 15°C”
Claim · model-written summary
Pm had its highest relative growth rate at 5°C.
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas marginalis
.jpg?width=60)
Pseudomonas marginalise0pathogen - Outcome
- Pseudomonas marginalise0
- Value
- 5°Ce0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“of Pseudomonas marginalis (Pm) at 5°C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ecc-inoculated Rumba chicory had significantly higher disease severity at 30°C than other temperatures.
- Taxon
- ChicoryCichorium intybuse0
- Material
- Rumbae0
- Treatment
- inoculated with Ecce0
- Interactor
- Ecce0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.72e0
- Comparator
- lower or higher temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chicory heads of two cultivars, Rumba and Salsa, inoculated with Ecc , had a significantly higher disease severity at 30°C (0.72 for Rumba and 0.47 for Salsa) than at lower or higher temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ecc-inoculated Salsa chicory had significantly higher disease severity at 30°C than other temperatures.
- Taxon
- ChicoryCichorium intybuse0
- Material
- Salsae0
- Treatment
- inoculated with Ecce0
- Interactor
- Ecce0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.47e0
- Comparator
- lower or higher temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chicory heads of two cultivars, Rumba and Salsa, inoculated with Ecc , had a significantly higher disease severity at 30°C (0.72 for Rumba and 0.47 for Salsa) than at lower or higher temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature and water during chicory forcing did not limit softrot bacterial populations.
- Taxon
- chicoryCichorium intybuse0
- Interactor
- softrot bacteriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- populations of softrot bacteriae0
- Direction
- not factors limitinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“temperature and water availability during forcing of chicory were not factors limiting populations of softrot bacteria.”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop protection opportunities were confined to chicory root storage.
- Taxon
- chicoryCichorium intybuse0
- Organ / stage
- root storagee0
- Outcome
- crop protectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Possibilities for crop protection thus only avail during chicory root storage.”
Claim · model-written summary
High bacterial death and low growth during storage may bring populations below infection density.
- Taxon
- chicoryCichorium intybuse0
- Interactor
- softrot bacteriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- bacterial populationse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- high death rate combined with a low growth ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During storage a high death rate combined with a low growth rate of the softrot bacteria may result in a decrease of bacterial populations below the minimum densities needed for infection during the forcing of chicory heads.”