Abstract
Abstract Planting cover crops after corn‐silage harvest could have a critical role in the recovery of residual N and N from fall‐applied manure, which would otherwise be lost to the environment. Experiments were conducted at the University of Massachusetts Research Farm during the 2004–2006 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of oat and winter rye cover crops, and no cover crop, and four cover‐crop dates of planting. The earliest planting dates of oat and winter rye produced the maximum biomass yield and resulted in the highest nitrate accumulation in both cover‐crop species. The average nitrate accumulation for the 3 years in winter rye and oat at the earliest time of planting was 60 and 48 kg ha –1 , respectively. In 2004 where the residual N level was high, winter rye accumulated 119 kg nitrate ha –1 . While initially soil N levels were relatively high in early September they were almost zero at all sampling depths in all plots with and without cover crops later in the fall before the ground was frozen. However, in plots with cover crops, nitrate was accumulated in the cover‐crop tissue, whereas in plots with no cover crop the nitrate was lost to the environment mainly through leaching. The seeding date of cover crops influenced the contribution of N available to the subsequent crop. Corn plants with no added fertilizer, yielded 41% and 34% more silage when planted after oat and rye, respectively, compared with the no–cover crop treatment. Corn‐silage yield decreased linearly when planting of cover crops was delayed from early September to early or mid‐October. Corn‐ear yield was influenced more than silage by the species of cover crop and planting date. Similar to corn silage, ear yield was higher when corn was planted after oat. This could be attributed in part to the winter‐kill of oat, giving it more time to decompose in the soil and subsequent greater release of N, while the rapidly increasing C : N ratio of rye can lessen availability to corn plants. Early plantings of cover crops increased corn‐ear yield up to 59% compared with corn‐ear yield planted after no cover crop.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Earliest oat planting produced maximum biomass yield.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativae0 - Treatment
- earliest planting datese0
- Outcome
- biomass yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The earliest planting dates of oat and winter rye produced the maximum biomass yield and resulted in the highest nitrate accumulation in both cover‐crop species.”
Claim · model-written summary
Earliest winter rye planting produced maximum biomass yield.
- Taxon
- winter rye
Secale cerealee0 - Treatment
- earliest planting datese0
- Outcome
- biomass yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The earliest planting dates of oat and winter rye produced the maximum biomass yield and resulted in the highest nitrate accumulation in both cover‐crop species.”
Claim · model-written summary
Earliest winter rye planting accumulated 60 kg ha –1 nitrate on average.
- Taxon
- winter ryeSecale cerealee0
- Outcome
- nitrate accumulatione0
- Value
- 60e0
- Qualifier
- earliest time of plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average nitrate accumulation for the 3 years in winter rye and oat at the earliest time of planting was 60 and 48 kg ha –1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Earliest oat planting accumulated 48 kg ha –1 nitrate on average.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- nitrate accumulatione0
- Value
- 48 kg ha –1e0
- Qualifier
- earliest time of plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average nitrate accumulation for the 3 years in winter rye and oat at the earliest time of planting was 60 and 48 kg ha –1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter rye accumulated 119 kg nitrate ha –1 in 2004.
- Taxon
- winter ryeSecale cerealee0
- Outcome
- nitratee0
- Value
- 119 kg nitrate ha –1e0
- Qualifier
- 2004e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2004 where the residual N level was high, winter rye accumulated 119 kg nitrate ha –1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
After oat cover crops, unfertilized corn yielded 41% more silage than no-cover-crop corn.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- planted after oate0
- Outcome
- silagee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 41%e0
- Comparator
- no–cover crop treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn plants with no added fertilizer, yielded 41% and 34% more silage when planted after oat and rye, respectively, compared with the no–cover crop treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
After rye cover crops, unfertilized corn yielded 34% more silage than no-cover-crop corn.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- planted after oat and ryee0
- Outcome
- silagee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- no–cover crop treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn plants with no added fertilizer, yielded 41% and 34% more silage when planted after oat and rye, respectively, compared with the no–cover crop treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn silage yield declined linearly as cover-crop planting was delayed.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- planting of cover crops was delayede0
- Outcome
- Corn‐silage yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn‐silage yield decreased linearly when planting of cover crops was delayed from early September to early or mid‐October.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover-crop species and planting date influenced corn-ear yield more than silage yield.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- species of cover crop and planting datee0
- Outcome
- Corn‐ear yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn‐ear yield was influenced more than silage by the species of cover crop and planting date.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn ear yield was higher after oat cover crops.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- planted after oate0
- Outcome
- ear yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar to corn silage, ear yield was higher when corn was planted after oat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Early cover-crop planting increased corn-ear yield by up to 59% compared with no cover crop.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Early plantings of cover cropse0
- Outcome
- corn‐ear yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 59%e0
- Comparator
- no cover crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early plantings of cover crops increased corn‐ear yield up to 59% compared with corn‐ear yield planted after no cover crop.”
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See all 269 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.