Abstract
Abstract A Pseudomonas putida strain isolated from peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) roots excreted yellow‐green fluorescent siderophores (pigments) when grown under Fe‐deficient conditions. The pigments were purified in their Fe complex form. Chromatography yielded eight peaks, the first two representing >90% of the total. Physico‐chemical characteristics of the materials exhibiting these two peaks were similar to those of the pseudobactin‐pyoverdine class of siderophores. In two growth chamber experiments peanut plants grown on a highly calcareous soil were able to use the Fe from unpurified Fe‐siderophore produced by P. putida cultures. When supplied with 11 mg Fe kg −1 soil as Fe‐siderophore the chlorophyll concentration in the leaves was 75% of that of FeEDDHA (ethylenediamine di‐ o ‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid)‐treated plants. Control plants that were not fertilized with Fe contained only 35% chlorophyll of that of FeEDDHA‐treated plants. Nonferrated siderophores were ineffective in correcting Fe deficiency. Relative chlorophyll concentration in the leaves of the treatment supplemented with Fe‐siderophore and bacterial cells was similar to that of applications that did not contain bacterial cells. In a second experiment, 100% remedy of the deficiency was achieved when 19 mg Fe kg −1 soil as Fe‐siderophores was applied in comparison to 1.2 mg Fe kg −1 soil as FeEDDHA. The degree of remedy of chlorosis was independent on the frequency of application (two or four times a month). In these treatments total bacterial and fluorescent pseudomonad counts [colony‐forming units (cfu) g −1 dry roots] were significantly higher than in the unfertilized and FeEDDHA treatments. The level of DTPA (diethylenetriam‐inepentaacetic acid) extractable Fe at the end of the growth period in both experiments was significantly higher in Fe‐siderophore amended soils than in FeEDDHA‐treated soils. In a third experiment, the siderophore Ferrioxamine B (FOB) was used as a source of Fe. Iron applications of 22.5 and 45 mg Fe kg −1 soil as FOB were required to reach 70 and 97%, of the chlorophyll concentration of the FeEDDHA‐treated plants, respectively. It was concluded that bacterial siderophores may serve as a remedy to lime‐induced chlorosis in plants grown in calcareous soils.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Peanut plants were able to use the Fe from unpurified Fe-siderophore produced by Pseudomonas putida cultures.
- Taxon
- Peanut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- unpurified Fe‐siderophore produced by P. putida culturese1
- Interactor
- P. putida
Pseudomonas putidae1other - Outcome
- able to use the Fee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“peanut plants grown on a highly calcareous soil were able to use the Fe from unpurified Fe‐siderophore produced by P. putida cultures”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
The strain excreted yellow-green fluorescent siderophores when grown under Fe-deficient conditions.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- grown under Fe‐deficient conditionse1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas putidaPseudomonas putidae1other
- Outcome
- excreted yellow‐green fluorescent siderophorese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A Pseudomonas putida strain isolated from peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) roots excreted yellow‐green fluorescent siderophores (pigments) when grown under Fe‐deficient conditions”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromatography of the purified pigments yielded eight peaks, and the first two peaks represented more than 90% of the total.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- eight peakse1
- Value
- >90%e1
- Qualifier
- the first two representing >90% of the totale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Chromatography yielded eight peaks, the first two representing >90% of the total”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
The physico-chemical characteristics of the two main peaks were similar to those of the pseudobactin-pyoverdine class of siderophores.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- Physico‐chemical characteristicse2
- Qualifier
- similar to those of the pseudobactin‐pyoverdine class of siderophorese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Physico‐chemical characteristics of the materials exhibiting these two peaks were similar to those of the pseudobactin‐pyoverdine class of siderophores”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
With 11 mg Fe kg-1 soil as Fe-siderophore, leaf chlorophyll was 75% of that of FeEDDHA-treated plants.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 11 mg Fe kg −1 soil as Fe‐siderophoree4
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentration in the leavese4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 75%e4
- Comparator
- FeEDDHAe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“When supplied with 11 mg Fe kg −1 soil as Fe‐siderophore the chlorophyll concentration in the leaves was 75% of that of FeEDDHA”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants not fertilized with Fe had only 35% of the leaf chlorophyll of FeEDDHA-treated plants.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- not fertilized with Fee5
- Outcome
- chlorophylle5
- Direction
- lowerinferrede5
- Value
- 35%e5
- Comparator
- FeEDDHAe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Control plants that were not fertilized with Fe contained only 35% chlorophyll of that of FeEDDHA”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonferrated siderophores were ineffective in correcting Fe deficiency.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Nonferrated siderophorese6
- Outcome
- correcting Fe deficiencye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Nonferrated siderophores were ineffective in correcting Fe deficiency”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative leaf chlorophyll with Fe-siderophore plus bacterial cells was similar to applications without bacterial cells.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- supplemented with Fe‐siderophore and bacterial cellse7
- Outcome
- Relative chlorophyll concentration in the leavese7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
- Comparator
- applications that did not contain bacterial cellse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Relative chlorophyll concentration in the leaves of the treatment supplemented with Fe‐siderophore and bacterial cells was similar to that of applications that did not contain bacterial cells”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
With 19 mg Fe kg-1 soil as Fe-siderophores, 100% remedy of the deficiency was achieved compared with 1.2 mg Fe kg-1 soil as FeEDDHA.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- 19 mg Fe kg −1 soil as Fe‐siderophorese1
- Outcome
- remedy of the deficiencye1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 100%e1
- Comparator
- 1.2 mg Fe kg −1 soil as FeEDDHAe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“100% remedy of the deficiency was achieved when 19 mg Fe kg −1 soil as Fe‐siderophores was applied in comparison to 1.2 mg Fe kg −1 soil as FeEDDHA”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
The degree of chlorosis remedy did not depend on the frequency of application (two or four times a month).
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- frequency of applicatione1
- Outcome
- degree of remedy of chlorosise1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The degree of remedy of chlorosis was independent on the frequency of application (two or four times a month)”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Total bacterial and fluorescent pseudomonad root counts were significantly higher than in unfertilized and FeEDDHA treatments.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Interactor
- fluorescent pseudomonade1other
- Outcome
- total bacterial and fluorescent pseudomonad countse1
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- unfertilized and FeEDDHA treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“total bacterial and fluorescent pseudomonad counts”
e2“were significantly higher than in the unfertilized and FeEDDHA treatments”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Extractable Fe in soil was significantly higher with Fe-siderophore than with FeEDDHA.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Fe‐siderophore amended soilse1
- Outcome
- extractable Fee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- FeEDDHA‐treated soilse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The level of DTPA (diethylenetriam‐inepentaacetic acid) extractable Fe at the end of the growth period in both experiments was significantly higher in Fe‐siderophore amended soils than in FeEDDHA‐treated soils”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron applications of 22.5 and 45 mg Fe kg-1 soil as ferrioxamine B reached 70% of the chlorophyll of FeEDDHA-treated plants.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Iron applications of 22.5 and 45 mg Fe kg −1 soil as FOBe1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 70e1
- Comparator
- FeEDDHA‐treated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Iron applications of 22.5 and 45 mg Fe kg −1 soil as FOB were required to reach 70 and 97%, of the chlorophyll concentration of the FeEDDHA‐treated plants, respectively”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron applications of 22.5 and 45 mg Fe kg-1 soil as ferrioxamine B reached 97% of the chlorophyll of FeEDDHA-treated plants.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Iron applications of 22.5 and 45 mg Fe kg −1 soil as FOBe1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 97%e1
- Comparator
- FeEDDHA‐treated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Iron applications of 22.5 and 45 mg Fe kg −1 soil as FOB were required to reach 70 and 97%, of the chlorophyll concentration of the FeEDDHA‐treated plants, respectively”
t0“Chlorosis in Peanut”
The same questions in other papers
iron atom · physiology: pigments · Arachis hypogaea (peanut)Positive and negative results
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See all 36 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.