Abstract
Some plant-symbiotic strains of the genus Trichoderma colonize roots and induce profound changes in plant gene expression that lead to enhanced growth, especially under biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that one of the protective mechanisms enhanced by T. harzianum T22 colonization is the antioxidant defense mechanism. Having established that strain T22 modulates the expression of the genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, the status of antioxidant defense of tomato seedlings in response to colonization by T22 and water deficit was investigated. Total ascorbate or glutathione levels were not affected by either stimuli, but under water deficit, antioxidant pools became more oxidized (lower ratios of reduced to oxidized forms), whereas colonized plants maintained redox state as high as or higher than unstressed and untreated plants. The enhanced redox state of colonized plants could be explained by their higher activity of ascorbate and glutathione-recycling enzymes, higher activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, in both root and shoot throughout the experiment. Similar enzymes were induced in uncolonized plants in response to water-deficit stress but to a lower extent when compared with colonized plants. This orchestrated enhancement in activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging pathways in colonized plants in response to stress supports the hypothesis that enhanced resistance of colonized plants to water deficit is at least partly due to higher capacity to scavenge ROS and recycle oxidized ascorbate and glutathione, a mechanism that is expected to enhance tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
T22 modulated expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Interactor
- strain T22e0symbiont
- Gene
- genes encoding antioxidant enzymese0
- Outcome
- expression of the genes encoding antioxidant enzymese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strain T22 modulates the expression of the genes encoding antioxidant enzymes”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Total ascorbate and glutathione levels were unaffected by T22 colonization or water deficit.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- either stimulie0
- Outcome
- Total ascorbate or glutathione levelse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total ascorbate or glutathione levels were not affected by either stimuli”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit made antioxidant pools more oxidized.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- water deficite0
- Outcome
- antioxidant poolse0
- Direction
- more oxidizede0
- Qualifier
- lower ratios of reduced to oxidized formse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under water deficit, antioxidant pools became more oxidized (lower ratios of reduced to oxidized forms)”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
T22 colonized plants maintained redox state at or above unstressed untreated plants.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- colonized plantse0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum T22
Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont - Outcome
- redox statee0
- Direction
- as high as or highere0
- Comparator
- unstressed and untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“colonized plants maintained redox state as high as or higher than unstressed and untreated plants”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
e1“T. harzianum T22 colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonized plants had higher ascorbate and glutathione recycling enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- colonized plantse2
- Interactor
- T. harzianum T22Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Outcome
- activity of ascorbate and glutathione-recycling enzymese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher activity of ascorbate and glutathione-recycling enzymes”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
e1“T. harzianum T22 colonization”
e2“The enhanced redox state of colonized plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonized plants had higher superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities in roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- root and shoote0
- Treatment
- colonized plantse2
- Interactor
- T. harzianum T22Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Outcome
- activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, in both root and shoot throughout the experiment”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
e1“T. harzianum T22 colonization”
e2“The enhanced redox state of colonized plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit induced similar enzymes in uncolonized plants, to a lower extent than in colonized plants.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- water-deficit stresse0
- Outcome
- Similar enzymese0
- Direction
- lower extente0
- Comparator
- colonized plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar enzymes were induced in uncolonized plants in response to water-deficit stress but to a lower extent when compared with colonized plants”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute enhanced water deficit resistance partly to greater ROS scavenging and antioxidant recycling.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum T22Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont
- Outcome
- enhanced resistance of colonized plants to water deficite0
- Qualifier
- higher capacity to scavenge ROS and recycle oxidized ascorbate and glutathionee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced resistance of colonized plants to water deficit is at least partly due to higher capacity to scavenge ROS and recycle oxidized ascorbate and glutathione”
t0“Tomato Seedlings”
e1“T. harzianum T22 colonization”
The same questions in other papers
drought · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
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