Abstract
Abstract Pot and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of three iron sources, viz., ferrous sulphate, Fe‐EDDHA and Fe‐EDTA on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). This plant, as a general, does neither harbour functional nodules nor enlodge the nitrogen‐fixing symbionts (rhizobia) when grown in and around Varanasi soils where natural availability of iron is 2–4 mg kg‐1 soil. Inorganic iron treatments were given to the soils without any exogenous inoculation with the Rhizobium germ plasm. Iron, in general, at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg kg‐1 soil stimulated the production of functional nodules and subsequently increased the dry weights of plants. Remarkably, the number of functional nodules and their leghaemoglobin content were more in the cases of plants treated with Fe‐EDDHA and Fe‐EDTA (@ 5 mg kg‐1 soil) than in the FeSO4 treated ones. Approachingly similar nodule initiations were recorded with the application of a double dose of FeSO4, i.e., @ 10 mg kg‐1 soil. In addition an enhanced in vivo nitrogen fixation (total nitrogen yield) over the control (untreated) level was noted in both pot and field experiments with the identical Fe treatment(s). On the basis of a critical comparative assessment on the individual effectiveness of the three iron sources in the production of functional nodules in french bean, Fe‐EDDHA was designated to be superior most, followed by Fe‐EDTA and FeSO4 in the decreasing order. The known higher stability constant of Fe‐EDDHA, coupled with its higher mobility in plants, are the probable reasons for its apparently greater supporting effects over those induced by other iron sources used during the present investigation. Obviously, the results indicate that Fe could create a condition conducive to the formation of functional N2‐fixing nodules in P. vulgaris. The differential dose response of the two iron sources were significant specifically @ 5 mg Fe‐compound kg‐1 soil. Hence, fanners may be suggested to make use of the benefits of any of the iron source economic to them. Key words: Iron chelatesNodulationLeghaemoglobinFunctional nodulesNitrogen fixationDry matter/Yield of seeds
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
At 5 to 10 mg kg‐1 soil, iron stimulated functional nodules.
- Taxon
- french bean
Phaseolus vulgarise1 - Treatment
- Iron, in general, at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg kg‐1 soile0
- Outcome
- production of functional nodulese0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 5 to 10 mg kg‐1 soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron, in general, at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg kg‐1 soil stimulated the production of functional nodules”
e1“french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5 to 10 mg kg‐1 soil, iron increased plant dry weights.
- Taxon
- french beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Iron, in general, at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg kg‐1 soile0
- Outcome
- dry weights of plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron, in general, at a concentration of 5 to 10 mg kg‐1 soil stimulated the production of functional nodules and subsequently increased the dry weights of plants.”
e1“french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe‐EDDHA at 5 mg kg‐1 soil produced more functional nodules than FeSO4.
- Taxon
- french beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Fe‐EDDHAe0
- Outcome
- number of functional nodulese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- @ 5 mg kg‐1 soile0
- Comparator
- FeSO4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of functional nodules and their leghaemoglobin content were more in the cases of plants treated with Fe‐EDDHA and Fe‐EDTA (@ 5 mg kg‐1 soil) than in the FeSO4 treated ones.”
e1“french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe‐EDTA at 5 mg kg‐1 soil produced more functional nodules than FeSO4.
- Taxon
- french beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Fe‐EDTAe0
- Outcome
- number of functional nodulese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- FeSO4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of functional nodules and their leghaemoglobin content were more in the cases of plants treated with Fe‐EDDHA and Fe‐EDTA (@ 5 mg kg‐1 soil) than in the FeSO4 treated ones.”
e1“french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe‐EDDHA at 5 mg kg‐1 soil produced greater nodule leghaemoglobin content than FeSO4.
- Taxon
- french beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Fe‐EDDHAe0
- Outcome
- leghaemoglobin contente0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- FeSO4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of functional nodules and their leghaemoglobin content were more in the cases of plants treated with Fe‐EDDHA and Fe‐EDTA (@ 5 mg kg‐1 soil) than in the FeSO4 treated ones.”
e1“french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe‐EDTA at 5 mg kg‐1 soil produced greater nodule leghaemoglobin content than FeSO4.
- Taxon
- french beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Fe‐EDTAe0
- Outcome
- leghaemoglobin contente0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- FeSO4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of functional nodules and their leghaemoglobin content were more in the cases of plants treated with Fe‐EDDHA and Fe‐EDTA (@ 5 mg kg‐1 soil) than in the FeSO4 treated ones.”
e1“french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
A double dose of FeSO4 yielded similar nodule initiation.
- Taxon
- french beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- FeSO4, i.e., @ 10 mg kg‐1 soile0
- Outcome
- nodule initiationse0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Approachingly similar nodule initiations were recorded with the application of a double dose of FeSO4, i.e., @ 10 mg kg‐1 soil.”
e1“french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron treatments increased in vivo nitrogen fixation over untreated controls in pot and field experiments.
- Taxon
- french beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Fe treatment(s)e0
- Outcome
- in vivo nitrogen fixation (total nitrogen yield)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- control (untreated)e0
- Setting
- pot and field experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an enhanced in vivo nitrogen fixation (total nitrogen yield) over the control (untreated) level was noted in both pot and field experiments with the identical Fe treatment(s).”
e1“french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe‐EDDHA was ranked most effective for functional nodules, then Fe‐EDTA and FeSO4.
- Taxon
- french beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Fe‐EDDHAe0
- Outcome
- production of functional nodulese1
- Direction
- superior moste0
- Comparator
- Fe‐EDTA and FeSO4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe‐EDDHA was designated to be superior most, followed by Fe‐EDTA and FeSO4 in the decreasing order.”
e1“production of functional nodules in french bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest growers use whichever iron source is economical.
- Taxon
- french beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- make use of the benefits of any of the iron source economic to theme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fanners may be suggested to make use of the benefits of any of the iron source economic to them.”
e1“french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.