Abstract
A transition period of at least 2 years is required for annual crops before the produce may be certified as organically grown. There is a need to better understand the various management options for a smooth transition from conventional to organic production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different organic amendments and biofertilizers (BFs) on productivity and profitability of a bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system as well as soil fertility and enzymatic activities during conversion to organic production. For this, the following six treatments were established in fixed plots: composted farmyard manure (FYMC, T1); vermicompost (VC, T2); poultry manure (PM, T3) along with biofertilizers (BF) [Rhizobium/Azotobacter + phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas striata)]; mix of three amendments (FYMC + PM + VC + BF, T4); integrated nutrient management (FYMC + NPK, T5); and unamended control (T6). The yields of bell pepper and french bean under organic nutrient management were markedly lower (25.2–45.9% and 29.5–46.2%, respectively) than with the integrated nutrient management (INM). Among the organic treatments, T4 and T1 produced greater yields of both bell pepper (27.96 Mg ha−1) and french bean (3.87 Mg ha−1) compared with other treatments. In garden pea, however, T4 gave the greatest pod yield (7.27 Mg ha−1) and was significantly superior to other treatments except T5 and T1. The latter treatment resulted in the lowest soil bulk density (1.19 Mg m−3) compared with other treatments. Similarly, soil organic C was significantly greater in all the treatments (1.21–1.30%) except T2 compared to T6 (1.06%). Plots under INM, however, had greater levels of available nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) than those under organic amendments. T1 plots showed greater dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities compared with other treatments. However, T4 and T5 plots had greater activities of β-glucosidase and urease activities, respectively. The cost of cultivation was greater under organic nutrient management (except T2) compared with INM. The latter treatment gave greater gross margin and benefit/cost (B/C) ratio for all vegetables, except that T2 gave greater B/C ratio in garden pea compared with other treatments. We conclude that T1 and T4 were more suitable for enhancing the productivity of bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system, through improved soil properties, during transition to organic production.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Organic nutrient management reduced bell pepper yield by 25.2–45.9% relative to integrated nutrient management.
Verbatim
e0“The yields of bell pepper and french bean under organic nutrient management were markedly lower (25.2–45.9% and 29.5–46.2%, respectively) than with the integrated nutrient management (INM).”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic nutrient management reduced french bean yield by 29.5–46.2% relative to integrated nutrient management.
- Taxon
- french bean
Phaseolus vulgarise0 - Treatment
- organic nutrient managemente0
- Outcome
- yields of bell pepper and french beane0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 29.5–46.2%e0
- Comparator
- integrated nutrient managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yields of bell pepper and french bean under organic nutrient management were markedly lower (25.2–45.9% and 29.5–46.2%, respectively) than with the integrated nutrient management (INM).”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 and T1 gave greater bell pepper yields than other organic treatments.
Verbatim
e0“Among the organic treatments, T4 and T1 produced greater yields of both bell pepper (27.96 Mg ha−1) and french bean (3.87 Mg ha−1) compared with other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 and T1 gave greater french bean yields than other organic treatments.
- Taxon
- french beanPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- T4 and T1e0
- Outcome
- yields of both bell pepper (27.96 Mg ha−1) and french beane0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 3.87 Mg ha−1e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the organic treatments, T4 and T1 produced greater yields of both bell pepper (27.96 Mg ha−1) and french bean (3.87 Mg ha−1) compared with other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 gave the greatest garden pea pod yield, significantly above other treatments except T5 and T1.
- Taxon
- garden pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 7.27 Mg ha−1e0
- Comparator
- other treatments except T5 and T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In garden pea, however, T4 gave the greatest pod yield (7.27 Mg ha−1) and was significantly superior to other treatments except T5 and T1.”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 produced the lowest soil bulk density relative to other treatments.
Verbatim
e0“The latter treatment resulted in the lowest soil bulk density (1.19 Mg m−3) compared with other treatments.”
t0“bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic C was significantly greater under all treatments except T2 than under T6.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, soil organic C was significantly greater in all the treatments (1.21–1.30%) except T2 compared to T6 (1.06%).”
t0“bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system”
Claim · model-written summary
INM plots had greater available NPK than plots receiving organic amendments.
Verbatim
e0“Plots under INM, however, had greater levels of available nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) than those under organic amendments.”
t0“bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 plots had greater dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities than other treatments.
Verbatim
e0“T1 plots showed greater dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities compared with other treatments.”
t0“bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 plots had greater β-glucosidase activity.
- Taxon
- bell pepper–french bean–garden pea systemt0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- β-glucosidasee0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“However, T4 and T5 plots had greater activities of β-glucosidase and urease activities, respectively.”
t0“bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 plots had greater urease activity.
- Taxon
- bell pepper–french bean–garden pea systemt0
- Treatment
- T5e0
- Outcome
- urease activitiese0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“However, T4 and T5 plots had greater activities of β-glucosidase and urease activities, respectively.”
t0“bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic nutrient management except T2 had greater cultivation cost than INM.
Verbatim
e0“The cost of cultivation was greater under organic nutrient management (except T2) compared with INM.”
t0“bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system”
Claim · model-written summary
INM gave greater gross margins for all vegetables.
- Taxon
- bell pepper–french bean–garden pea systemt0
- Treatment
- latter treatmente0
- Outcome
- gross margine0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The latter treatment gave greater gross margin and benefit/cost (B/C) ratio for all vegetables, except that T2 gave greater B/C ratio in garden pea compared with other treatments.”
t0“bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system”
Claim · model-written summary
INM gave greater benefit/cost ratios for all vegetables, with the stated exception for garden pea.
- Taxon
- bell pepper–french bean–garden pea systemt0
- Treatment
- latter treatmente0
- Outcome
- benefit/cost (B/C) ratioe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- except that T2 gave greater B/C ratio in garden peae0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The latter treatment gave greater gross margin and benefit/cost (B/C) ratio for all vegetables, except that T2 gave greater B/C ratio in garden pea compared with other treatments.”
t0“bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 gave the greatest B/C ratio in garden pea relative to other treatments.
- Taxon
- garden peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- T2e0
- Outcome
- B/C ratioe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“except that T2 gave greater B/C ratio in garden pea compared with other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged T1 and T4 suitable for enhancing system productivity through improved soil properties during organic transition.
Verbatim
e0“We conclude that T1 and T4 were more suitable for enhancing the productivity of bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system, through improved soil properties, during transition to organic production.”
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See all 376 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.