Abstract
Abstract The daytime resting sites of adult Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen), a serious pest of cocoa in south-east Asia, were identified as a possible target to which insecticide could be selectively applied. Field observations were made on 126 resting moths in a cocoa plantation in East Malaysia. All moths were found on the undersides of branches 45° or less from horizontal, and 1·5 cm or more in diameter; 90% were found in the lower half of trees. A field trial was conducted in which 25 ppm deltamethrin was applied with knapsack sprayers to these sites. Five applications were made at ten day intervals, each crop season (6 months), over a two year period. Mean estimated losses in the sprayed area were 12.1 to 33.7 percentage points lower than in the control area, giving an estimated net benefit of up to RM978 ha in one season, assuming a cocoa price of RM4000 per tonne. Losses in the sprayed area still ranged from 7.0% to 43·1% and did not decline over successive seasons. There was some evidence for immigration into the sprayed area, but it is suggested the rapid recovery of populations following spraying is also due to the high potential rate of increase of the insect in susceptible cocoa varieties. In susceptible cocoa varieties control is always likely to be difficult, but in less susceptible varieties, and with well maintained trees, chemical control by selective application to adult resting sites can be a practical component of integrated control.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Adult moths rested under near-horizontal branches of at least 1·5 cm diameter.
- Taxon
- cocoa
Theobroma cacaot0 - Interactor
- Conopomorpha cramerella
_1412164.jpg?width=60)
Conopomorpha cramerellat0pest - Outcome
- undersides of branches 45° or less from horizontal, and 1·5 cm or more in diametere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_1412164.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“All moths were found on the undersides of branches 45° or less from horizontal, and 1·5 cm or more in diameter”
t0“cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella”
Claim · model-written summary
Ninety percent of moths rested in the lower half of trees.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Interactor
- Conopomorpha cramerellaConopomorpha cramerellat0pest
- Outcome
- lower half of treese0
- Value
- 90%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“90% were found in the lower half of trees”
t0“cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying resting sites reduced estimated crop losses by 12.1 to 33.7 percentage points.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Treatment
- sprayed areae0
- Interactor
- Conopomorpha cramerellaConopomorpha cramerellat0pest
- Outcome
- Mean estimated lossese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 12.1 to 33.7 percentage pointse0
- Comparator
- control areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean estimated losses in the sprayed area were 12.1 to 33.7 percentage points lower than in the control area”
t0“cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated net benefit reached RM978 ha in one season.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaoe0
- Outcome
- estimated net benefite0
- Value
- RM978 hae0
- Qualifier
- assuming a cocoa price of RM4000 per tonnee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“giving an estimated net benefit of up to RM978 ha in one season, assuming a cocoa price of RM4000 per tonne”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprayed-area losses remained between 7.0% and 43·1%.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- Losses in the sprayed areae0
- Value
- 7.0% to 43·1%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Losses in the sprayed area still ranged from 7.0% to 43·1%”
t0“cocoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Losses did not decline across successive seasons.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- Lossest1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not decline over successive seasons”
t0“cocoa”
t1“Losses in the sprayed area”
Claim · model-written summary
There was evidence of moth immigration into the sprayed area.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Interactor
- Conopomorpha cramerellaConopomorpha cramerellat0pest
- Outcome
- immigration into the sprayed areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was some evidence for immigration into the sprayed area”
t0“cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella”
Claim · model-written summary
Selective spraying may be a practical control component in less susceptible cocoa varieties.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- chemical control by selective application to adult resting sites can be a practical component of integrated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in less susceptible varieties, and with well maintained trees, chemical control by selective application to adult resting sites can be a practical component of integrated control”
t0“cocoa”
The same questions in other papers
application · Conopomorpha cramerella · Theobroma cacao (cocoa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.