Abstract
Abstract Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) yields are drastically reduced by water and cold stress that occur individually or simultaneously in northern region of India. The comparative effects of both the stresses were investigated at the metabolic level by examining the endogenous status of polyamines (PAS), active oxygen species and antioxidants. Chickpea plants (15‐day old) growing hydroponically under controlled conditions (light/ dark; 24/21 °C, 16/8 h; irradiance 250 μ mol m −2 s −1 ) were subjected to water deficit stress (Ψ s of −0.2 to −1.0 MPa) and cold stress (5–25 °C) for 4 days. LD 50 in terms of root growth rate (RGR), electrolyte leakage and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction activity was observed at −0.6 MPa and 10 °C for water and cold stress, respectively. In a subsequent experiment, 15‐day‐old plants were exposed to these stress levels under the above‐mentioned growth conditions for 7 days and analysed for various parameters. In cold‐stressed plants (CS), putrescine (PUT) was observed to be relatively higher while water‐stressed plants (WS) had more of spermidine (SPD). Spermine (SPM) levels increased more rapidly in WS and declined on the fourth day of stress while in CS, a gradual increase occurred that decreased on the seventh day. The accumulation of PAs was short‐lived under the combined presence of both the stresses. Hydrogen peroxide elevated abruptly in WS and remained higher than CS while the latter showed a marked increase in malondialdehyde content. Ascorbic acid increased sharply in WS that decreased on the fourth day while CS showed a relatively gradual increase that reached its maximum on the fourth day and declined subsequently. Glutathione was significantly higher in CS plants in comparison with WS and CS + WS plants. The activity levels of superoxide dismutase were higher up to 4 days and declined subsequently while those of WS stayed higher till the last day of stress. Ascorbate peroxidase levels were significantly higher in CS plants while catalase activity was comparatively more in WS. Exogenous application of PAs reduced the level of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde content and raised the level of antioxidants. Put caused 44 and 32 % increase in RGR in CS and WS, respectively, while SPD resulted in 110 and 25 % enhancement in WS and CS, respectively. Under combination of stresses, RGR increased by 21, 53 and 10 % by Put, SPD and SPM, respectively. The effects of PAs could be reversed largely by their biosynthetic inhibitors. α ‐difluoromethylornithine (a biosynthetic inhibitor of putrescine) caused more damage to CS while cyclohexylamine (inhibitor of SPD and SPM biosynthesis) was more inhibitory in WS.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit and cold stress each caused LD50 responses at stated levels.
- Taxon
- Chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- water and cold stresse0
- Outcome
- root growth rate (RGR), electrolyte leakage and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction activitye0
- Value
- −0.6 MPa and 10 °Ce0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LD 50 in terms of root growth rate (RGR), electrolyte leakage and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction activity was observed at −0.6 MPa and 10 °C for water and cold stress, respectively”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine was relatively higher under cold stress.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- cold‐stressede0
- Outcome
- putrescine (PUT)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In cold‐stressed plants (CS), putrescine (PUT) was observed to be relatively higher”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine was higher under water stress.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- water‐stressede0
- Outcome
- spermidine (SPD)e0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water‐stressed plants (WS) had more of spermidine (SPD)”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine rose quickly then fell on day four under water stress.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- Spermine (SPM) levelse0
- Direction
- increased more rapidlye0
- Qualifier
- declined on the fourth daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spermine (SPM) levels increased more rapidly in WS and declined on the fourth day of stress”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine rose gradually then fell on day seven under cold stress.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- gradual increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- decreased on the seventh daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in CS, a gradual increase occurred that decreased on the seventh day”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyamine accumulation under combined stress was short-lived.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- accumulation of PAse0
- Qualifier
- short‐livede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The accumulation of PAs was short‐lived under the combined presence of both the stresses”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide rose abruptly under water stress and stayed above cold stress.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- Hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- CSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrogen peroxide elevated abruptly in WS and remained higher than CS”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress markedly increased malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the latter showed a marked increase in malondialdehyde content”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid rose sharply then fell on day four under water stress.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- Ascorbic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascorbic acid increased sharply in WS that decreased on the fourth day”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid rose gradually to day four then declined under cold stress.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- gradual increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CS showed a relatively gradual increase that reached its maximum on the fourth day and declined subsequently”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutathione was significantly higher under cold stress than other stress regimes.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- Glutathionee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- WS and CS + WS plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glutathione was significantly higher in CS plants in comparison with WS and CS + WS plants”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide dismutase rose through day four then declined.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- activity levels of superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity levels of superoxide dismutase were higher up to 4 days and declined subsequently”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide dismutase remained elevated through the last day under water stress.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- stayed highere0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those of WS stayed higher till the last day of stress”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate peroxidase was significantly higher under cold stress.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Gene
- Ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- Ascorbate peroxidase levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ascorbate peroxidase levels were significantly higher in CS plants”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity was greater under water stress.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase activity was comparatively more in WS”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied polyamines reduced oxidative markers and raised antioxidants.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of PAse0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of PAs reduced the level of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde content and raised the level of antioxidants”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine increased root growth under cold and water stress by 44% and 32%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Put caused 44 and 32 % increase in RGR in CS and WS, respectively”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine enhanced root growth under water and cold stress by 110% and 25%.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- SPDe0
- Outcome
- enhancemente0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 110 and 25 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SPD resulted in 110 and 25 % enhancement in WS and CS, respectively”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine, spermidine and spermine increased root growth under combined stress by 21%, 53% and 10%, respectively.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Put, SPD and SPMe0
- Outcome
- RGRe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21, 53 and 10 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under combination of stresses, RGR increased by 21, 53 and 10 % by Put, SPD and SPM, respectively”
t0“Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors reversed protection and had stress-specific damage.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biosynthetic inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- effects of PAse0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of PAs could be reversed largely by their biosynthetic inhibitors. α ‐difluoromethylornithine (a biosynthetic inhibitor of putrescine) caused more damage to CS while cyclohexylamine (inhibitor of SPD and SPM biosynthesis) was more inhibitory in WS”
t0“Chickpea”
The same questions in other papers
putrescine · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
spermine · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
spermidine · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
cold · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.