Abstract
summary Populations of Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L. were collected from a range of habitats; G. rivale usually occurred in wetter and less‐shaded habitats than G. urbanum. Populations differed significantly in a number of respects; most differences between G. rivale populations were related to the sizes of leaves produced and to plant stature, whereas most of the variation in G. urbanum was related to differences in growth rates. The two species responded very differently to waterlogging, but there was only slight intraspecific variation in waterlogging tolerance in either species. Progeny of hybrid individuals were raised as families; their response to waterlogging was similar to that of one or other of the parent species. In G. rivale and other relatively tolerant families waterlogging generally caused a slight increase in shoot: root dry weight ratio, a small decrease in root dry weight, and had little effect on specific leaf area. Waterlogging of G. urbanum and less‐tolerant families caused a large increase in shoot: root ratio, a large decrease in root dry weight, and a decrease in specific leaf area. Tolerant families always had pronounced axillary bud proliferation, usually accompanied by the development of a rhizome‐like caudex. Less‐tolerant families and G. urbanum lacked a caudex, and had reduced axillary bud proliferation. Many of these traits were found to be highly heritable in hybrid families. The ratio of drained: flooded values was used as a measure of response to waterlogging, and showed highly heritable differences between hybrid families for root dry weight, shoot: root ratio and specific leaf area, indicating that these measures of waterlogging tolerance are genetically determined. Families whose maternal parents were morphologically similar to G. rivale were always relatively tolerant of waterlogging, but some families that were similar to G. urbanum were also tolerant. The results emphasize the effect of waterlogging on plant root formation; while there were also important effects of waterlogging on shoot growth and development, the primary effect appeared to be on the root system. These results are discussed in relation to theories of hybrid ecology, and the need for further comparative studies of hybrid ecology is emphasized.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
G. rivale occupied wetter and less shaded habitats than G. urbanum.
- Taxon
- G. rivale
_Geum_rivale_-_flower_and_bottoms.jpg?width=60)
Geum rivalee0 - Outcome
- wetter and less‐shaded habitatse0
- Comparator
- G. urbanume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Geum_rivale_-_flower_and_bottoms.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“G. rivale usually occurred in wetter and less‐shaded habitats than G. urbanum”
Claim · model-written summary
G. rivale population differences mainly involved leaf size and stature.
- Taxon
- G. rivaleGeum rivalee0
- Outcome
- sizes of leaves produced and to plant staturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most differences between G. rivale populations were related to the sizes of leaves produced and to plant stature”
Claim · model-written summary
G. urbanum population variation mainly involved growth rates.
- Taxon
- G. urbanum
_Geum_urbanum_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Geum urbanume0 - Outcome
- differences in growth ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Geum_urbanum_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“most of the variation in G. urbanum was related to differences in growth rates”
Claim · model-written summary
The two Geum species responded differently to waterlogging.
- Taxon
- Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.Geum urbanumGeum rivalet0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- responded very differently to waterlogginge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The two species responded very differently to waterlogging, but there was only slight intraspecific variation in waterlogging tolerance in either species”
t0“Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Within species, waterlogging tolerance varied only slightly.
- Taxon
- Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.Geum urbanumGeum rivalet0
- Outcome
- slight intraspecific variation in waterlogging tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was only slight intraspecific variation in waterlogging tolerance in either species”
t0“Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid progeny responded to waterlogging like one or the other parent species.
- Taxon
- Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.Geum urbanumGeum rivalet0
- Outcome
- response to waterlogginge0
- Comparator
- parent speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their response to waterlogging was similar to that of one or other of the parent species”
t0“Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging slightly raised shoot to root dry weight ratio in tolerant families.
- Taxon
- G. rivaleGeum rivalee0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- shoot: root dry weight ratioe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- relatively tolerant familiese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In G. rivale and other relatively tolerant families waterlogging generally caused a slight increase in shoot: root dry weight ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging strongly raised shoot to root ratio in G. urbanum and less tolerant families.
- Taxon
- G. urbanumGeum urbanume0
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- shoot: root ratioe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Waterlogging of G. urbanum and less‐tolerant families caused a large increase in shoot: root ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging strongly reduced root dry weight in G. urbanum and less tolerant families.
- Taxon
- G. urbanumGeum urbanume1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a large decrease in root dry weight”
t0“Populations of Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L. were collected from a range of habitats”
e1“Waterlogging of G. urbanum and less‐tolerant families”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced specific leaf area in G. urbanum and less tolerant families.
- Taxon
- G. urbanumGeum urbanume1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- specific leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in specific leaf area”
t0“Populations of Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L. were collected from a range of habitats”
e1“Waterlogging of G. urbanum and less‐tolerant families”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant families showed pronounced axillary bud proliferation and a rhizome like caudex.
- Taxon
- Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.Geum urbanumGeum rivalet0
- Outcome
- pronounced axillary bud proliferatione0
- Qualifier
- development of a rhizome‐like caudexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tolerant families always had pronounced axillary bud proliferation, usually accompanied by the development of a rhizome‐like caudex”
t0“Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Less tolerant families and G. urbanum lacked a caudex and had reduced axillary bud proliferation.
- Taxon
- G. urbanumGeum urbanume0
- Outcome
- lacked a caudex, and had reduced axillary bud proliferatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Less‐tolerant families and G. urbanum lacked a caudex, and had reduced axillary bud proliferation”
Claim · model-written summary
Many tolerance associated traits were highly heritable in hybrids.
- Taxon
- Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.Geum urbanumGeum rivalet0
- Outcome
- highly heritable in hybrid familiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Many of these traits were found to be highly heritable in hybrid families”
t0“Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drained to flooded ratios for root dry weight, shoot to root ratio and specific leaf area differed heritably among hybrids.
- Taxon
- Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.Geum urbanumGeum rivalet0
- Outcome
- highly heritable differences between hybrid families for root dry weight, shoot: root ratio and specific leaf areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“showed highly heritable differences between hybrid families for root dry weight, shoot: root ratio and specific leaf area”
t0“Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Families maternally resembling G. rivale were always relatively waterlogging tolerant, while some resembling G. urbanum were tolerant.
- Taxon
- G. rivaleGeum rivalee0
- Outcome
- relatively tolerant of waterlogginge0
- Qualifier
- some families that were similar to G. urbanum were also tolerante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Families whose maternal parents were morphologically similar to G. rivale were always relatively tolerant of waterlogging, but some families that were similar to G. urbanum were also tolerant”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors inferred waterlogging chiefly affected roots, with shoot growth and development also affected.
- Taxon
- Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.Geum urbanumGeum rivalet0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- primary effect appeared to be on the root systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while there were also important effects of waterlogging on shoot growth and development, the primary effect appeared to be on the root system”
t0“Geum rivale L. and G. urbanum L.”