Abstract
1. A small-scale plot experiment which had been carried out from 1947 to 1949 (Holmes, 1951) to study the effect of massive dressings of nitrogen, with and without phosphate and potash, on the yield of a ryegrass dominant sward was continued in 1950–2. A 4 × 4 Graeco-Latin square was used. The nitrogen treatments applied each year were: (1) no nitrogenous fertilizer, (2) 260 lb., (3) 520 lb. and (4) 416 lb. (312 lb. in 1951) nitrogen per acre per annum applied in four or five equal dressings, one for each cut. Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were cut each time they reached the long leafy stage (8–11 in. in height), treatment 4 was cut when 13–16 in. in height. The mineral treatments were (A) no mineral fertilizer, (B) 336–538 lb. K 2 O per acre per annum depending on nitrogen treatment, (C) 120–180 lb. P 2 O 5 per acre per annum, (D) treatments B and C combined. Mineral applications were applied in four or five dressings each year, one for each cut. 2. Applications of phosphate did not affect the yield or protein content of the herbage, but yields were severely restricted in the absence of potash. Where potash was applied the yields under each nitrogen treatment were maintained or increased over the 6-year period. Average yields of dry matter for the 6-year period when potash was present were 4760, 8050, 9620 and 9320 lb. per acre per annum for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4. Without potash the corresponding average yields were 3980, 5610, 5190 and 5100 lb. Average crude protein yields with potash were 710, 1410, 1990 and 1640 lb. per acre per annum and without potash 550, 1090, 1190 and 1020 lb. 3. The presence of potash resulted in earlier growth in each season through the maintenance of the earlier vigorous grasses in the sward. Although the growth curve was variable with treatment 1, treatments 2, 3 and 4 gave nearly uniform distribution of herbage production over the season. 4. The weighted mean contents of crude protein for each year ranged from 13·9% for treatment 1 to 20·6% for treatment 3 when potash was given and from 12·9% for treatment 1 to 23·6% for treatment 3 when potash was absent. There was a gradual increase in protein content at the later cuts in each season, but the range was less where nitrogen was applied. 5. The efficiency of utilization of fertilizer nitrogen was calculated. When the yield was compared with that of a no-clover sward the average response was 15·6, 10·8 and 11·8 lb. dry matter per lb. of nitrogen applied for treatments 2, 3 and 4 respectively. In terms of crude protein the percentage recovery was 53, 44 and 42 respectively. When the yields were compared with those of the clovery swards the nitrogen recovery figures were reduced by about one-third. 6. The botanical composition of the plots was determined by the nitrogen and potash treatments. Where both were adequate a vigorous sward of ryegrass and timothy was maintained. Where nitrogen was absent but potash present a clovery sward developed. In the absence of potash with or without nitrogen the better grasses declined and were replaced by poor grasses. 7. Provided potash was applied there were no marked changes in the soil analysis. 8. The results are discussed with particular reference to the maintenance of high grass yields and the relative roles of clover and fertilizer nitrogen.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate application did not affect herbage yield or crude protein content.
LoliumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“Applications of phosphate did not affect the yield or protein content of the herbage”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbage yields were severely restricted in the absence of potash.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e2“yields were severely restricted in the absence of potash”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Where potash was applied, yields under each nitrogen treatment were maintained or increased over the 6-year period.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e3“Where potash was applied the yields under each nitrogen treatment were maintained or increased over the 6-year period”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Average dry matter yields with potash were 4760, 8050, 9620 and 9320 lb per acre per annum for nitrogen treatments 1 to 4.
- Outcome
- Average yields of dry mattere4
- Value
- 4760, 8050, 9620 and 9320 lb. per acre per annume4
- Qualifier
- when potash was presente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e4“Average yields of dry matter for the 6-year period when potash was present were 4760, 8050, 9620 and 9320 lb. per acre per annum for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Without potash, average dry matter yields were 3980, 5610, 5190 and 5100 lb per acre per annum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e5“Without potash the corresponding average yields were 3980, 5610, 5190 and 5100 lb.”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
With potash, average crude protein yields were 710, 1410, 1990 and 1640 lb per acre per annum.
- Outcome
- Average crude protein yieldse6
- Value
- 710, 1410, 1990 and 1640 lb. per acre per annume6
- Qualifier
- with potashe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e6“Average crude protein yields with potash were 710, 1410, 1990 and 1640 lb. per acre per annum and without potash 550, 1090, 1190 and 1020 lb.”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Without potash, average crude protein yields were 550, 1090, 1190 and 1020 lb per acre per annum.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e6“Average crude protein yields with potash were 710, 1410, 1990 and 1640 lb. per acre per annum and without potash 550, 1090, 1190 and 1020 lb.”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potash presence gave earlier growth in each season by maintaining earlier vigorous grasses.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e7“The presence of potash resulted in earlier growth in each season through the maintenance of the earlier vigorous grasses in the sward”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen treatments 2, 3 and 4 gave nearly uniform herbage production over the season, unlike the variable growth curve of treatment 1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“Although the growth curve was variable with treatment 1, treatments 2, 3 and 4 gave nearly uniform distribution of herbage production over the season”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weighted mean crude protein content ranged from 13·9% for treatment 1 to 20·6% for treatment 3 when potash was given.
- Outcome
- weighted mean contents of crude proteine1
- Value
- 13·9% for treatment 1 to 20·6% for treatment 3e1
- Qualifier
- when potash was givene1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“The weighted mean contents of crude protein for each year ranged from 13·9% for treatment 1 to 20·6% for treatment 3 when potash was given and from 12·9% for treatment 1 to 23·6% for treatment 3 when potash was absent”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weighted mean crude protein content ranged from 12·9% for treatment 1 to 23·6% for treatment 3 when potash was absent.
- Outcome
- weighted mean contents of crude proteine1
- Value
- 12·9% for treatment 1 to 23·6% for treatment 3e1
- Qualifier
- when potash was absente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“The weighted mean contents of crude protein for each year ranged from 13·9% for treatment 1 to 20·6% for treatment 3 when potash was given and from 12·9% for treatment 1 to 23·6% for treatment 3 when potash was absent”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content increased gradually at later cuts in each season, with a smaller range where nitrogen was applied.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“There was a gradual increase in protein content at the later cuts in each season, but the range was less where nitrogen was applied”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen treatments 2, 3 and 4 gave an average response of 15·6, 10·8 and 11·8 lb dry matter per lb nitrogen compared with a no-clover sward.
- Outcome
- average responsee1
- Value
- 15·6, 10·8 and 11·8 lb. dry matter per lb.e1
- Comparator
- no-clover swarde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“When the yield was compared with that of a no-clover sward the average response was 15·6, 10·8 and 11·8 lb. dry matter per lb. of nitrogen applied for treatments 2, 3 and 4 respectively”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Crude protein percentage recovery of applied nitrogen was 53, 44 and 42 for treatments 2, 3 and 4.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“In terms of crude protein the percentage recovery was 53, 44 and 42 respectively”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen recovery figures were reduced by about one-third in clovery swards compared with the sward yields.
- Outcome
- nitrogen recovery figurese1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- about one-thirde1
- Comparator
- clovery swardse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“When the yields were compared with those of the clovery swards the nitrogen recovery figures were reduced by about one-third”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Where both nitrogen and potash were adequate, a vigorous sward of ryegrass and timothy was maintained.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“Where both were adequate a vigorous sward of ryegrass and timothy was maintained”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Where nitrogen was absent but potash present, a clovery sward developed.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“Where nitrogen was absent but potash present a clovery sward developed”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
In the absence of potash, the better grasses declined and were replaced by poor grasses.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“In the absence of potash with or without nitrogen the better grasses declined and were replaced by poor grasses”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
Claim · model-written summary
Where potash was applied, soil analysis showed no marked changes.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of a ryegrass dominant sward”
e1“Provided potash was applied there were no marked changes in the soil analysis”
t0“The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V.”
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.