Abstract
Abstract Iron (Fe) bioavailability in unpolished, polished grain and bran fraction of five rice genotypes with a range of Fe contents was measured by in vitro digestion and cultured Caco‐2 cells of cooked grain. There was a significant difference in Fe bioavailability among the five rice genotypes tested, in both the unpolished and polished grain. The range of Fe bioavailability variation in polished rice was much wider than that of unpolished, suggesting the importance of using Fe levels and bioavailability in polished rice grain as the basis for selecting high‐Fe rice cultivars for both agronomic and breeding purposes. Milling and polishing the grain to produce polished (or white) rice increased Fe bioavailability in all genotypes. Iron bioavailability in polished rice was high in the UBON2 and Nishiki, intermediate in both IR68144 and KDML105, and low in CMU122. All genotypes had low bioavailability of Fe in bran fraction compared to unpolished and polished grain, except in CMU122. CMU122 contained the lowest level of bioavailable Fe in unpolished and polished grain and bran, because of the dark purple pericarp colored grain and associated tannin content. The level of bioavailable Fe was not significantly correlated with grain Fe concentration or grain phytate levels among these five genotypes tested. The negative relationship between Fe bioavailability and the levels of total extractable phenol was only observed in unpolished ( r = −0.83**) and bran fraction ( r = −0.50*). The present results suggested that total extractable phenol and tannin contents could also contribute to lowering bioavailability of Fe in rice grain, in addition to phytate. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Iron bioavailability differed significantly among five rice genotypes in unpolished and polished grain.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- five rice genotypese0
- Organ / stage
- unpolished and polished graine0
- Outcome
- Fe bioavailabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant difference in Fe bioavailability among the five rice genotypes tested, in both the unpolished and polished grain”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Polished rice had a wider range of Fe bioavailability than unpolished rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- polished ricee0
- Outcome
- Fe bioavailability variatione0
- Direction
- much widere0
- Comparator
- unpolishede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“range of Fe bioavailability variation in polished rice was much wider than that of unpolished”
Claim · model-written summary
Milling and polishing increased Fe bioavailability in every genotype.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Milling and polishinge0
- Outcome
- Fe bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- graine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Milling and polishing the grain to produce polished (or white) rice increased Fe bioavailability in all genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
UBON2 had high polished grain Fe bioavailability.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- UBON2e0
- Organ / stage
- polished ricee0
- Outcome
- Iron bioavailabilitye0
- Qualifier
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron bioavailability in polished rice was high in the UBON2 and Nishiki”
Claim · model-written summary
Nishiki had high polished grain Fe bioavailability.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Nishikie0
- Organ / stage
- polished ricee0
- Outcome
- Iron bioavailabilitye0
- Qualifier
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron bioavailability in polished rice was high in the UBON2 and Nishiki”
Claim · model-written summary
IR68144 had intermediate polished grain Fe bioavailability.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR68144e0
- Outcome
- Iron bioavailabilitye1
- Qualifier
- intermediatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intermediate in both IR68144 and KDML105”
t0“rice”
e1“Iron bioavailability in polished rice”
Claim · model-written summary
KDML105 had intermediate polished grain Fe bioavailability.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- KDML105e0
- Outcome
- Iron bioavailabilitye1
- Qualifier
- intermediatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intermediate in both IR68144 and KDML105”
t0“rice”
e1“Iron bioavailability in polished rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CMU122 had low polished grain Fe bioavailability.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- CMU122e0
- Outcome
- Iron bioavailabilitye1
- Qualifier
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low in CMU122”
t0“rice”
e1“Iron bioavailability in polished rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Bran Fe bioavailability was low relative to grain in all genotypes except CMU122.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- bran fractione0
- Outcome
- bioavailability of Fee0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- except in CMU122e0
- Comparator
- unpolished and polished graine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All genotypes had low bioavailability of Fe in bran fraction compared to unpolished and polished grain, except in CMU122”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CMU122 had the lowest bioavailable Fe in every grain fraction, attributed to purple pericarp and tannins.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- CMU122e0
- Compound
- tannine0
- Outcome
- bioavailable Fee0
- Qualifier
- because of the dark purple pericarp colored grain and associated tannin contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CMU122 contained the lowest level of bioavailable Fe in unpolished and polished grain and bran, because of the dark purple pericarp colored grain and associated tannin content”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioavailable Fe was not significantly correlated with grain Fe concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- grain Fe concentratione0
- Outcome
- bioavailable Fee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bioavailable Fe was not significantly correlated with grain Fe concentration”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioavailable Fe was not significantly correlated with grain phytate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- grain phytate levelse0
- Outcome
- bioavailable Fee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bioavailable Fe was not significantly correlated with grain Fe concentration or grain phytate levels”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe bioavailability was negatively associated with phenol in unpolished rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- unpolishede0
- Compound
- total extractable phenole0
- Outcome
- Fe bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Value
- −0.83**e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negative relationship between Fe bioavailability and the levels of total extractable phenol was only observed in unpolished ( r = −0.83**)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe bioavailability was negatively associated with phenol in bran.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- bran fractione0
- Compound
- total extractable phenole0
- Outcome
- Fe bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Value
- −0.50*e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negative relationship between Fe bioavailability and the levels of total extractable phenol was only observed in unpolished ( r = −0.83**) and bran fraction ( r = −0.50*)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest phenol and tannins also reduce Fe bioavailability in rice grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- total extractable phenol and tannine0
- Outcome
- bioavailability of Fee0
- Qualifier
- could also contributee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total extractable phenol and tannin contents could also contribute to lowering bioavailability of Fe in rice grain”
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