Abstract
Effluents namely canal water as control (T1); municipal effluent (T2); textile effluent (T3); steel effluent (T4); textile + municipal effluent in 1:1 ratio (T5); steel + municipal effluent in 1:2 ratio (T6); steel + municipal + textile in 1:2:2 ratio (T7); and steel + textile in 1:2 ratio (T8) were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The aim was to monitor the toxic effect of the accumulated mineral ions on the physiological functions and ultimately to utilize these effluents in tree plantation. Foliage mineral concentration, leaf water potential (LWP), rate of photosynthesis (Pn), rate of transpiration (T) and stomatal conductance (g) were recorded. Mineral accumulation increased in the seedlings of T2 treatment. However, the accumulation of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn was the highest (p<0.001) in the seedlings of T4, T6, T7, and T8 treatments affecting N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na concentration. The seedlings of T3 treatment had less Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn and medium N, Ca, and P concentration, which were negatively correlated with Na concentration in foliage and the amount added through effluent irrigation. Concentration of N, K, Ca, Mg, and Na was higher in the foliage of A. nilotica whereas P, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were high in E. camaldulensis. Early two months data showed reduction (p<0.01) in Pn (87%), T (81%), g (67%), and LWP as a result of metal stresses (toxicity) in T6, T7, and T8 seedlings. E. camaldulensis maintained high LWP and Pn and low T and g compared to A. nilotica. High LWP in the seedlings of T2 was associated (p<0.05) high Pn, T, and g. However, these physiological parameters lowered in the seedlings of T3 and T5. Seedlings of T1, T2, and T5 maintained high LWP, Pn, T, and g throughout the experimental period. These parameters however, decreased (p<0.01) in the seedlings of T3 treatment subsequently through Na induced deficiency of Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn. The enhanced physiological functions in T5 treatment were probably the result of ameliorative effect of municipal effluent through increased mineral status. The study suggests that excess accumulation of Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn leads to metal toxicity that adversely affects physiology of the tree seedlings. Mixing of effluents and/or removal of excess would ameliorate these toxic effects and could be the better management practices for their use in tree irrigation.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Municipal effluent (T2) increased foliar mineral accumulation in tree seedlings relative to canal water control.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Eucalyptus camaldulensis_flowers_at_Hodal_W_IMG_1163.jpg?width=60)
Vachellia niloticae0 - Treatment
- municipal effluent (T2)e1
- Outcome
- Mineral accumulatione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- canal water as control (T1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flowers_at_Hodal_W_IMG_1163.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e1“canal water as control (T1); municipal effluent (T2)”
e2“Mineral accumulation increased in the seedlings of T2 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Effluents T4, T6, T7 and T8 gave the highest foliar accumulation of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in tree seedlings.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T4, T6, T7, and T8e3
- Outcome
- Mn, Fe, Cu and Zne3
- Direction
- higheste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e3“the accumulation of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn was the highest (p<0.001) in the seedlings of T4, T6, T7, and T8 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Effluents T4, T6, T7 and T8 affected foliar N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations in tree seedlings.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T4, T6, T7, and T8e4
- Outcome
- N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na concentratione4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e4“in the seedlings of T4, T6, T7, and T8 treatments affecting N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlings under T3 had less foliar Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn than under other effluents.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T3 treatmente5
- Outcome
- Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zne5
- Direction
- lesse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e5“The seedlings of T3 treatment had less Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn and medium N, Ca, and P concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Acacia nilotica foliage had higher N, K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations than Eucalyptus camaldulensis.
- Taxon
- A. niloticaVachellia niloticae6
- Outcome
- Concentration of N, K, Ca, Mg, and Nae6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- E. camaldulensise6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Concentration of N, K, Ca, Mg, and Na was higher in the foliage of A. nilotica whereas P, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were high in E. camaldulensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus camaldulensis foliage had high P, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn concentrations compared with Acacia nilotica.
- Taxon
- E. camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensise6
- Outcome
- P, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zne6
- Direction
- highe6
- Comparator
- A. niloticae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Concentration of N, K, Ca, Mg, and Na was higher in the foliage of A. nilotica whereas P, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were high in E. camaldulensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal stress in T6, T7 and T8 seedlings reduced net photosynthesis (Pn) by 87%.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T6, T7, and T8e7
- Outcome
- Pne7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Value
- 87%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e7“Early two months data showed reduction (p<0.01) in Pn (87%), T (81%), g (67%), and LWP as a result of metal stresses (toxicity) in T6, T7, and T8 seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal stress in T6, T7 and T8 seedlings reduced transpiration (T) by 81%.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T6, T7, and T8e7
- Outcome
- Te7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Value
- 81%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e7“Early two months data showed reduction (p<0.01) in Pn (87%), T (81%), g (67%), and LWP as a result of metal stresses (toxicity) in T6, T7, and T8 seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal stress in T6, T7 and T8 seedlings reduced stomatal conductance (g) by 67%.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T6, T7, and T8e7
- Outcome
- ge7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Value
- 67%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e7“Early two months data showed reduction (p<0.01) in Pn (87%), T (81%), g (67%), and LWP as a result of metal stresses (toxicity) in T6, T7, and T8 seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal stress in T6, T7 and T8 seedlings reduced leaf water potential (LWP) in the early two months.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T6, T7, and T8e7
- Outcome
- LWPe7
- Direction
- reductione7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e7“Early two months data showed reduction (p<0.01) in Pn (87%), T (81%), g (67%), and LWP as a result of metal stresses (toxicity) in T6, T7, and T8 seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus camaldulensis maintained high leaf water potential and Pn compared with Acacia nilotica.
- Taxon
- E. camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensise1
- Outcome
- LWP and Pne1
- Direction
- highe1
- Comparator
- A. niloticae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“E. camaldulensis maintained high LWP and Pn and low T and g compared to A. nilotica”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus camaldulensis had low transpiration and stomatal conductance compared with Acacia nilotica.
- Taxon
- E. camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensise1
- Outcome
- T and ge1
- Direction
- lowe1
- Comparator
- A. niloticae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“E. camaldulensis maintained high LWP and Pn and low T and g compared to A. nilotica”
Claim · model-written summary
High leaf water potential in T2 seedlings was associated with high Pn, transpiration and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T2e1
- Outcome
- Pn, T, and ge1
- Direction
- highe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e1“High LWP in the seedlings of T2 was associated (p<0.05) high Pn, T, and g”
Claim · model-written summary
Physiological parameters lowered in T3 and T5 seedlings.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T3 and T5e1
- Outcome
- physiological parameterse1
- Direction
- lowerede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e1“However, these physiological parameters lowered in the seedlings of T3 and T5”
Claim · model-written summary
T1, T2 and T5 seedlings maintained high LWP, Pn, transpiration and stomatal conductance throughout the experiment.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T1, T2, and T5e1
- Outcome
- LWP, Pn, T, and ge1
- Direction
- highe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e1“Seedlings of T1, T2, and T5 maintained high LWP, Pn, T, and g throughout the experimental period”
Claim · model-written summary
Physiological parameters decreased in T3 seedlings through Na-induced deficiency of Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- These parameterse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- through Na induced deficiency of Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e1“These parameters however, decreased (p<0.01) in the seedlings of T3 treatment subsequently through Na induced deficiency of Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
The enhanced physiological functions in T5 were probably due to an ameliorative effect of municipal effluent through increased mineral status.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Treatment
- T5 treatmente1
- Outcome
- enhanced physiological functionse1
- Qualifier
- ameliorative effect of municipal effluent through increased mineral statuse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e1“The enhanced physiological functions in T5 treatment were probably the result of ameliorative effect of municipal effluent through increased mineral status”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess accumulation of Na, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn leads to metal toxicity that adversely affects physiology of tree seedlings.
Verbatim
e1“The study suggests that excess accumulation of Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn leads to metal toxicity that adversely affects physiology of the tree seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixing effluents and/or removing excess would ameliorate the toxic effects and is a better management practice for tree irrigation.
- Taxon
- Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus camaldulensisVachellia niloticae0
- Outcome
- Mixing of effluents and/or removal of excesse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“were added to the seedlings of Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis”
e1“Mixing of effluents and/or removal of excess would ameliorate these toxic effects and could be the better management practices for their use in tree irrigation”