Abstract
Abstract Little is known about herbicide‐N fertilizer interaction with respect to the growth and N content of soybeans ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and cowpeas ( Vigna unguiculata ). This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of added N and trifluralin (α, α, α‐trifluoro‐2, 6‐dinitro‐N, N‐dipropyl‐ρ‐toluidine), nitralin [4‐(methylsulfonyl)‐2, 6‐dinitro‐N, Ndipropylaniline] and diphenamid (N, Ndimethyl‐2, 2‐diphenylacetamide) on the growth and N uptake by these two crops. Soybeans and cowpeas were grown in greenhouse for 74 days in soil treated with various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm) and herbicide (0, 1, 2, and 3 ppm). Leaf chlorophyll, dry matter yields, N concentration and N uptake were determined. All N‐treated soybean and cowpea plants had greater chlorophyll content, produced more growth and contained higher N than untreated check. An increase in growth and N uptake suggests that symbiotic N fixation probably failed to supply all of N required for optimum growth. Application of 1 ppm trifluralin slightly increased growth and N content of cowpea and enhanced chlorophyll content, N concentration and root dry weights of soybean. However, higher concentrations exhibited strong phytotoxic effects. Soybeans treated with 3 ppm of herbicide developed stunted and chlorotic leaves and had fewer nodules than untreated seedlings. Soil amended with nitralin and diphenamid reduced leaf chlorophyll, growth and N uptake of soybeans and cowpeas. Moreover, nitralin exhibited a stronger inhibitory effects in roots than tops and was slightly less phytotoxic than trifluralin. Diphenamid‐treated plants developed chlorotic leaf margins, followed by necrosis at the leaf edge. N addition to trifluralin treatment only affected N content of soybeans significantly, whereas there was increased chlorophyll content, N concentration and top dry weights of cowpea. On the other hand, N applied to nitralin and/or diphenamid‐treated soybeans and cowpeas resulted in an increase in dry weight and N content of tops, probably due to better nutrient and water supply to plants.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
N addition increased leaf chlorophyll content of soybean relative to the untreated check.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)e2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- untreated checke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean and cowpea plants had greater chlorophyll content, produced more growth and contained higher N than untreated check”
e2“soil treated with various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
N addition increased growth of soybean relative to the untreated check.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)e2
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- moree1
- Comparator
- untreated checke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean and cowpea plants had greater chlorophyll content, produced more growth and contained higher N than untreated check”
e2“soil treated with various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
N addition raised the N content of soybean relative to the untreated check.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)e2
- Outcome
- Ne1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- untreated checke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean and cowpea plants had greater chlorophyll content, produced more growth and contained higher N than untreated check”
e2“soil treated with various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
N addition increased leaf chlorophyll content of cowpea relative to the untreated check.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae1 - Treatment
- various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)e2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- untreated checke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean and cowpea plants had greater chlorophyll content, produced more growth and contained higher N than untreated check”
e2“soil treated with various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
N addition increased growth of cowpea relative to the untreated check.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)e2
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- moree1
- Comparator
- untreated checke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean and cowpea plants had greater chlorophyll content, produced more growth and contained higher N than untreated check”
e2“soil treated with various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
N addition raised the N content of cowpea relative to the untreated check.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)e2
- Outcome
- Ne1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- untreated checke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybean and cowpea plants had greater chlorophyll content, produced more growth and contained higher N than untreated check”
e2“soil treated with various levels of N (0, 25, and 50 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
1 ppm trifluralin slightly increased growth and N content of cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae3
- Treatment
- 1 ppm trifluraline3
- Outcome
- growth and N contente3
- Direction
- slightly increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Application of 1 ppm trifluralin slightly increased growth and N content of cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
1 ppm trifluralin enhanced chlorophyll content, N concentration and root dry weights of soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe4
- Treatment
- 1 ppm trifluraline3
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, N concentration and root dry weightse4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Application of 1 ppm trifluralin slightly increased growth and N content of cowpea”
e4“enhanced chlorophyll content, N concentration and root dry weights of soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher trifluralin concentrations caused strong phytotoxic effects in soybean and cowpea grown in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- Soybeans and cowpeasGlycine maxVigna unguiculatae5
- Treatment
- higher concentrationse6
- Outcome
- phytotoxic effectse6
- Setting
- greenhousee5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Soybeans and cowpeas were grown in greenhouse for 74 days”
e6“higher concentrations exhibited strong phytotoxic effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin at 3 ppm caused stunted and chlorotic leaves in soybean compared with untreated seedlings.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- 3 ppm of herbicidee7
- Outcome
- stunted and chlorotic leavese7
- Comparator
- untreated seedlingse7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Soybeans treated with 3 ppm of herbicide developed stunted and chlorotic leaves and had fewer nodules than untreated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide at 3 ppm reduced nodule number in soybean compared with untreated seedlings.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- 3 ppm of herbicidee7
- Outcome
- nodulese7
- Direction
- fewere7
- Comparator
- untreated seedlingse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Soybeans treated with 3 ppm of herbicide developed stunted and chlorotic leaves and had fewer nodules than untreated seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitralin and diphenamid soil amendment reduced leaf chlorophyll, growth and N uptake of soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- nitralin and diphenamide1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll, growth and N uptakee1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soil amended with nitralin and diphenamid reduced leaf chlorophyll, growth and N uptake of soybeans and cowpeas”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitralin and diphenamid soil amendment reduced leaf chlorophyll, growth and N uptake of cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeasVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- nitralin and diphenamide1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll, growth and N uptakee1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soil amended with nitralin and diphenamid reduced leaf chlorophyll, growth and N uptake of soybeans and cowpeas”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitralin inhibited roots more strongly than tops in soybeans and cowpeas.
- Taxon
- Soybeans and CowpeasGlycine maxVigna unguiculatat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- nitraline1
- Outcome
- inhibitory effectse1
- Direction
- strongere1
- Comparator
- topse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybeans and Cowpeas”
e1“nitralin exhibited a stronger inhibitory effects in roots than tops and was slightly less phytotoxic than trifluralin”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitralin was slightly less phytotoxic than trifluralin in soybeans and cowpeas.
- Taxon
- Soybeans and CowpeasGlycine maxVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- nitraline1
- Outcome
- phytotoxice1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- trifluraline1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybeans and Cowpeas”
e1“nitralin exhibited a stronger inhibitory effects in roots than tops and was slightly less phytotoxic than trifluralin”
Claim · model-written summary
Diphenamid treatment caused chlorotic leaf margins followed by necrosis at the leaf edge in soybeans and cowpeas.
- Taxon
- Soybeans and CowpeasGlycine maxVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- diphenamide1
- Outcome
- chlorotic leaf margins, followed by necrosis at the leaf edgee2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybeans and Cowpeas”
e1“Soil amended with nitralin and diphenamid reduced leaf chlorophyll, growth and N uptake of soybeans and cowpeas”
e2“developed chlorotic leaf margins, followed by necrosis at the leaf edge”
Claim · model-written summary
N addition to trifluralin significantly affected N content of soybean, with no stated direction.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- N addition to trifluralin treatmente1
- Outcome
- N contente1
- Comparator
- trifluralin treatmente1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“N addition to trifluralin treatment only affected N content of soybeans significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
N addition to trifluralin increased chlorophyll content, N concentration and top dry weights of cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae2
- Treatment
- N addition to trifluralin treatmente1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, N concentration and top dry weightse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- trifluralin treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“N addition to trifluralin treatment only affected N content of soybeans significantly”
e2“increased chlorophyll content, N concentration and top dry weights of cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
N applied to nitralin and diphenamid increased dry weight and N content of soybean tops.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- N applied to nitralin and/or diphenamide2
- Outcome
- dry weight and N content of topse1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybeans and cowpeas resulted in an increase in dry weight and N content of tops”
e2“N applied to nitralin and/or diphenamid”
Claim · model-written summary
N applied to nitralin and diphenamid increased dry weight and N content of cowpea tops.
- Taxon
- cowpeasVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- N applied to nitralin and/or diphenamide2
- Outcome
- dry weight and N content of topse1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soybeans and cowpeas resulted in an increase in dry weight and N content of tops”
e2“N applied to nitralin and/or diphenamid”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · symbiosis · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
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- negative
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- positive
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See all 24 papers →nitrogen · physiology: pigments · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.