Abstract
In 2012, significant brown rot disease was observed on stone fruit in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South Carolina despite preharvest application of methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) and demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicides. In total, 140 Monilinia fructicola isolates were collected from diseased orchards and examined for fungicide sensitivity. In addition to isolates resistant to either the DMI propiconazole or the MBC thiophanate-methyl, 22 isolates were discovered that were resistant to both fungicides, including 4 isolates from peach in South Carolina, 12 isolates from peach and sweet cherry in Maryland, and 6 isolates from sweet cherry in Pennsylvania. Analysis of MBC resistance revealed that dual-resistant isolates from South Carolina carried the β-tubulin E198A mutation, whereas isolates from Maryland and Pennsylvania carried E198 mutations not previously described in the Monilinia genus, E198Q or F200Y. The genetic element Mona, associated with DMI fungicide resistance in M. fructicola, was detected in the dual-resistant isolates from South Carolina but not in the isolates from the two more northern states. An investigation into the molecular mechanism of DMI resistance in the latter isolates revealed that resistance was not based on increased expression or mutation of MfCYP51, which encodes the target of DMI fungicides. Label rates of formulated propiconazole or thiophanate-methyl were unable to control dual-resistant isolates on detached peach fruit, confirming field relevance of dual resistance. The same isolates were not affected by fitness penalties based on mycelial growth rate, ability to sporulate, and virulence on detached peach fruit. The emergence of M. fructicola strains resistant to both DMI and MBC fungicides in multiple states and multiple stone fruit crops is a significant development and needs to be considered when designing resistance management strategies in stone fruit orchards.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Brown rot remained significant on stone fruit despite MBC and DMI applications in three states.
- Taxon
- stone fruite0
- Treatment
- preharvest application of methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) and demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicidese0
- Interactor
- Monilinia fructicola
Monilinia fructicolat0pathogen - Outcome
- brown rot diseasee0
- Setting
- Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South Carolinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant brown rot disease was observed on stone fruit in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South Carolina despite preharvest application of methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) and demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicides.”
t0“Monilinia fructicola Resistant to Both MBC and DMI Fungicides Isolated from Stone Fruit Orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-two isolates were resistant to both fungicides.
- Taxon
- Stone Fruitt0
- Interactor
- Monilinia fructicolaMonilinia fructicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- isolates were discovered that were resistant to both fungicidese0
- Value
- 22 isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“22 isolates were discovered that were resistant to both fungicides”
t0“Monilinia fructicola Resistant to Both MBC and DMI Fungicides Isolated from Stone Fruit Orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Four dual-resistant isolates came from peach in South Carolina.
- Taxon
- peach
Prunus persicae0 - Interactor
- Monilinia fructicolaMonilinia fructicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- isolatese0
- Value
- 4 isolatese0
- Setting
- South Carolinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4 isolates from peach in South Carolina”
t0“Monilinia fructicola”
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve dual-resistant isolates came from peach and sweet cherry in Maryland.
- Taxon
- peach and sweet cherryPrunus persica
Prunus aviume0 - Interactor
- Monilinia fructicolaMonilinia fructicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- isolatese0
- Value
- 12 isolatese0
- Setting
- Marylande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“12 isolates from peach and sweet cherry in Maryland”
t0“Monilinia fructicola”
Claim · model-written summary
Six dual-resistant isolates came from sweet cherry in Pennsylvania.
- Taxon
- sweet cherryPrunus aviume0
- Interactor
- Monilinia fructicolaMonilinia fructicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- isolatese0
- Value
- 6 isolatese0
- Setting
- Pennsylvaniae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6 isolates from sweet cherry in Pennsylvania”
t0“Monilinia fructicola”
Claim · model-written summary
South Carolina dual-resistant isolates carried β-tubulin E198A.
- Taxon
- Stone Fruitt0
- Interactor
- Monilinia fructicolaMonilinia fructicolat0pathogen
- Gene
- β-tubulin E198Ae0
- Outcome
- carried the β-tubulin E198A mutatione0
- Setting
- South Carolinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dual-resistant isolates from South Carolina carried the β-tubulin E198A mutation”
t0“Monilinia fructicola Resistant to Both MBC and DMI Fungicides Isolated from Stone Fruit Orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Maryland and Pennsylvania isolates carried previously undescribed E198Q or F200Y mutations.
- Taxon
- Stone Fruitt0
- Gene
- E198Q or F200Ye0
- Outcome
- E198 mutations not previously described in the Monilinia genuse0
- Setting
- Maryland and Pennsylvaniae0
MoniliniaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“isolates from Maryland and Pennsylvania carried E198 mutations not previously described in the Monilinia genus, E198Q or F200Y.”
t0“Stone Fruit Orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Mona was detected in South Carolina dual-resistant isolates.
- Taxon
- Stone Fruitt0
- Interactor
- M. fructicolaMonilinia fructicolae0pathogen
- Gene
- Monae0
- Outcome
- detected in the dual-resistant isolatese0
- Setting
- South Carolinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genetic element Mona, associated with DMI fungicide resistance in M. fructicola, was detected in the dual-resistant isolates from South Carolina but not in the isolates from the two more northern states.”
t0“Stone Fruit Orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Mona was absent from the northern dual-resistant isolates.
- Taxon
- Stone Fruitt0
- Interactor
- M. fructicolaMonilinia fructicolae0pathogen
- Gene
- Monae0
- Outcome
- not in the isolates from the two more northern statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genetic element Mona, associated with DMI fungicide resistance in M. fructicola, was detected in the dual-resistant isolates from South Carolina but not in the isolates from the two more northern states.”
t0“Stone Fruit Orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
DMI resistance in northern isolates was not based on increased MfCYP51 expression or mutation.
- Taxon
- Stone Fruitt0
- Interactor
- Monilinia fructicolaMonilinia fructicolat0pathogen
- Gene
- MfCYP51e0
- Outcome
- resistance was not based on increased expression or mutatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resistance was not based on increased expression or mutation of MfCYP51”
t0“Monilinia fructicola Resistant to Both MBC and DMI Fungicides Isolated from Stone Fruit Orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Label-rate propiconazole failed to control dual-resistant isolates on detached peach fruit.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae0
- Organ / stage
- detached peach fruite0
- Treatment
- propiconazolee0
- Interactor
- Monilinia fructicolaMonilinia fructicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- control dual-resistant isolatese0
- Direction
- unablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Label rates of formulated propiconazole or thiophanate-methyl were unable to control dual-resistant isolates on detached peach fruit”
t0“Monilinia fructicola”
Claim · model-written summary
Label-rate thiophanate-methyl failed to control dual-resistant isolates on detached peach fruit.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae0
- Organ / stage
- detached peach fruite0
- Treatment
- thiophanate-methyle0
- Interactor
- Monilinia fructicolaMonilinia fructicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- control dual-resistant isolatese0
- Direction
- unablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Label rates of formulated propiconazole or thiophanate-methyl were unable to control dual-resistant isolates on detached peach fruit”
t0“Monilinia fructicola”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual-resistant isolates showed no fitness penalties in growth, sporulation, or virulence on peach fruit.
- Taxon
- peachPrunus persicae0
- Interactor
- Monilinia fructicolaMonilinia fructicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- fitness penalties based on mycelial growth rate, ability to sporulate, and virulencee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same isolates were not affected by fitness penalties based on mycelial growth rate, ability to sporulate, and virulence on detached peach fruit.”
t0“Monilinia fructicola”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance management in stone-fruit orchards should account for dual fungicide resistance.
Verbatim
e0“needs to be considered when designing resistance management strategies in stone fruit orchards.”
The same questions in other papers
thiophanate-methyl · Monilinia fructicola · Prunus persica (peach)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
propiconazole · Monilinia fructicola · Prunus persica (peach)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.