Abstract
SUMMARY Field‐grown Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog in open‐field plots to examine the effect of fog chemistry on yield and growth, and to determine whether alterations in yield or growth were related to the development of foliar injury and/or the inhibition of net photosynthesis. Simulated fogs (i.e. pH values of 1.76, 2.23, 2.72, 3.22 or 5.48) with a liquid water content of 0.20–0.25 g m −3 were applied twice weekly for 10 weeks. Applications of pH 1.76 fog caused significant yield reductions (37%) relative to pH 5.48. Leaf dry weight responses were more sensitive to fog chemistry than yield. Leaf dry weight was significantly inhibited by 53, 25 and 9% in the pH 1.76, 2.23, and 2.72 fog treatment groups, respectively. The depression of yield by fog of pH 1.76 was closely correlated with the development of foliar injury and the inhibition of net photosynthesis on a percentage basis. Plants exposed to pH 2.23 or 1.76 fog consistently displayed amounts of injury ranging from 5 to 7% or 20 to 31%, respectively, whereas plants exposed to pH 2.72 fog or higher exhibited less than 5% injury throughout the study. Whole‐study average rates of net photosynthesis were significantly depressed by pH 1.76 fog (30% lower). The inhibition of net photosynthesis was coincident with increases in both mesophyll and stomatal resistances to CO 2 , but the ratio of mesophyll to stomatal resistance was not significantly altered. These findings provide evidence that repeated exposures to highly acidic fog (pH 1.76 or 2.23) may cause significant reductions in marketable yield and/or growth of B. oleracea , but substantive adverse effects would not be expected from exposures to fog of lower acidic strength. Although the inhibition of net phososynthesis in B. oleracea by acidic fog was coincident with decreased yield, reduced rates of CO 2 assimilation appear to be due to the development of foliar injury (i.e. reduced photosynthetically active leaf area per plant) rather than a specific alteration in mesophyll or stomatal resistance to CO 2 .
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
PH 1.76 fog caused significant yield reductions of about 37% in broccoli relative to pH 5.48.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.
Brassica oleraceae0 - Treatment
- pH 1.76 foge1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- 37%e1
- Comparator
- pH 5.48e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e1“Applications of pH 1.76 fog caused significant yield reductions (37%) relative to pH 5.48”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf dry weight responses were more sensitive to fog chemistry than yield in broccoli.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Outcome
- Leaf dry weight responsese2
- Direction
- more sensitivee2
- Qualifier
- to fog chemistrye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e2“Leaf dry weight responses were more sensitive to fog chemistry than yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf dry weight was significantly inhibited by 53% in the pH 1.76 fog treatment.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Treatment
- pH 1.76e3
- Outcome
- Leaf dry weighte3
- Direction
- inhibitede3
- Value
- 53e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e3“Leaf dry weight was significantly inhibited by 53, 25 and 9% in the pH 1.76, 2.23, and 2.72 fog treatment groups, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf dry weight was significantly inhibited by 25% in the pH 2.23 fog treatment.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 2.23e3
- Outcome
- Leaf dry weighte3
- Direction
- inhibitede3
- Value
- 25e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e3“Leaf dry weight was significantly inhibited by 53, 25 and 9% in the pH 1.76, 2.23, and 2.72 fog treatment groups, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf dry weight was significantly inhibited by 9% in the pH 2.72 fog treatment.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 2.72e3
- Outcome
- Leaf dry weighte3
- Direction
- inhibitede3
- Value
- 9e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e3“Leaf dry weight was significantly inhibited by 53, 25 and 9% in the pH 1.76, 2.23, and 2.72 fog treatment groups, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The depression of yield by pH 1.76 fog was closely correlated with foliar injury and inhibition of net photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Treatment
- fog of pH 1.76e4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Qualifier
- closely correlatede4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e4“The depression of yield by fog of pH 1.76 was closely correlated with the development of foliar injury and the inhibition of net photosynthesis on a percentage basis”
Claim · model-written summary
Broccoli exposed to pH 2.23 or 1.76 fog displayed foliar injury of 5 to 7% or 20 to 31%.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Treatment
- pH 2.23 or 1.76 foge5
- Outcome
- injurye5
- Value
- 5 to 7%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e5“Plants exposed to pH 2.23 or 1.76 fog consistently displayed amounts of injury ranging from 5 to 7% or 20 to 31%”
Claim · model-written summary
Broccoli exposed to pH 2.23 or 1.76 fog displayed foliar injury of 20 to 31% (pH 1.76 group).
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Treatment
- pH 2.23 or 1.76 foge5
- Outcome
- injurye5
- Value
- 20 to 31%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e5“Plants exposed to pH 2.23 or 1.76 fog consistently displayed amounts of injury ranging from 5 to 7% or 20 to 31%”
Claim · model-written summary
Broccoli exposed to pH 2.72 fog or higher showed less than 5% foliar injury.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Treatment
- pH 2.72 fog or highere5
- Outcome
- injurye5
- Value
- less than 5%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e5“whereas plants exposed to pH 2.72 fog or higher exhibited less than 5% injury throughout the study”
Claim · model-written summary
PH 1.76 fog significantly depressed net photosynthesis rates of broccoli by 30%.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Treatment
- pH 1.76 foge6
- Outcome
- rates of net photosynthesise6
- Direction
- depressede6
- Value
- 30%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e6“rates of net photosynthesis were significantly depressed by pH 1.76 fog (30% lower)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibition of net photosynthesis in broccoli coincided with increased mesophyll and stomatal resistances to CO 2.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Compound
- CO 2e7
- Outcome
- mesophyll and stomatal resistancese7
- Direction
- increasese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e7“The inhibition of net photosynthesis was coincident with increases in both mesophyll and stomatal resistances to CO 2 , but the ratio of mesophyll to stomatal resistance was not significantly altered”
Claim · model-written summary
The ratio of mesophyll to stomatal resistance in broccoli was not significantly altered by acidic fog.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Outcome
- ratio of mesophyll to stomatal resistancee7
- Qualifier
- not significantly alterede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e7“but the ratio of mesophyll to stomatal resistance was not significantly altered”
Claim · model-written summary
Repeated exposures to highly acidic fog may cause significant reductions in marketable yield and/or growth of broccoli.
- Taxon
- B. oleraceaBrassica oleraceae1
- Treatment
- repeated exposures to highly acidic foge1
- Outcome
- marketable yield and/or growthe1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Qualifier
- maye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“repeated exposures to highly acidic fog (pH 1.76 or 2.23) may cause significant reductions in marketable yield and/or growth of B. oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced CO 2 assimilation in broccoli appears to be due to foliar injury rather than altered mesophyll or stomatal resistance.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea L.Brassica oleraceae0
- Outcome
- rates of CO 2 assimilatione1
- Qualifier
- development of foliar injury (i.e. reduced photosynthetically active leaf area per plant)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brassica oleracea L. ev. Emperor (broccoli) plants were exposed to a range of treatments with simulated acidic fog”
e1“reduced rates of CO 2 assimilation appear to be due to the development of foliar injury (i.e. reduced photosynthetically active leaf area per plant) rather than a specific alteration in mesophyll or stomatal resistance to CO 2”
The same questions in other papers
ph · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
ph · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.