Abstract
The postinfection activity of azoxystrobin (AZX), fludioxonil (FLU), and pyrimethanil (PYR), applied alone or in combination with imazalil (IMZ), in controlling postharvest green mold in 'Salustiana' oranges inoculated with Penicillium digitatum was studied. Fruits were immersed for 30 or 60 s in (i) water or water mixtures at 20 degrees C containing AZX, FLU, or PYR at 600 mg/L; and (ii) IMZ at 600 mg/L, alone or in combination with AZX, FLU, or PYR at 600 mg/L. Similar treatments were performed at 50 degrees C using the active ingredients at half rates with respect to the treatments at 20 degrees C. Fungicide residues in fruits were analyzed following treatments and after 14 days of simulated shelf life at 17 degrees C. AZX or FLU mixtures at 20 degrees C for 30-60 s similarly but moderately reduced green mold decay with respect to control fruit; differences due to dip time were not significant. Superior control of decay was achieved by PYR and, especially, IMZ, applied alone or in combination with AZX, FLU, or PYR. The activity of PYR at 20 degrees C was significantly dependent on treatment time, whereas that of IMZ and combined treatments at 20 degrees C was not. The effectiveness of FLU or PYR mixtures at 50 degrees C in controlling decay was similar and superior to that of AZX. The action of single- or double-fungicide application was not dependent on dip time in most samples. IMZ or combined mixtures at 50 degrees C were consistently more effective with respect to single-fungicide treatments with AZX, FLU, or PYR. The application of heated fungicide mixtures resulted in significantly higher residue accumulation in most fruit samples compared to treatments performed at 20 degrees C. The degradation rate of fungicides was generally low and dependent on treatment conditions such as time, temperature, and the presence or not of other fungicides.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
AZX mixtures moderately reduced green mold decay.
Verbatim
e0“AZX or FLU mixtures at 20 degrees C for 30-60 s similarly but moderately reduced green mold decay with respect to control fruit”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
FLU mixtures moderately reduced green mold decay.
Verbatim
e0“AZX or FLU mixtures at 20 degrees C for 30-60 s similarly but moderately reduced green mold decay with respect to control fruit”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Dip time did not significantly change decay for AZX or FLU mixtures.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“differences due to dip time were not significant”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
PYR gave superior decay control.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Superior control of decay was achieved by PYR”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
IMZ gave especially superior decay control.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“and, especially, IMZ, applied alone or in combination with AZX, FLU, or PYR”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
PYR activity at 20 degrees C depended significantly on treatment time.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The activity of PYR at 20 degrees C was significantly dependent on treatment time”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
IMZ activity at 20 degrees C did not depend on treatment time.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“whereas that of IMZ and combined treatments at 20 degrees C was not”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment activity at 20 degrees C did not depend on treatment time.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“combined treatments at 20 degrees C was not”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Heated FLU and PYR mixtures had similar decay control superior to AZX.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of FLU or PYR mixtures at 50 degrees C in controlling decay was similar and superior to that of AZX.”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Single or double fungicide efficacy was generally independent of dip time.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The action of single- or double-fungicide application was not dependent on dip time in most samples.”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Heated IMZ mixtures controlled decay more effectively than single fungicides.
Verbatim
e0“IMZ or combined mixtures at 50 degrees C were consistently more effective with respect to single-fungicide treatments with AZX, FLU, or PYR.”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Heated fungicide mixtures increased fruit residue accumulation relative to 20 degrees C.
Verbatim
e0“The application of heated fungicide mixtures resulted in significantly higher residue accumulation in most fruit samples compared to treatments performed at 20 degrees C.”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide degradation rate was generally low.
Verbatim
e0“The degradation rate of fungicides was generally low”
t0“Oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide degradation depended on treatment conditions.
- Taxon
- orangest0
- Treatment
- time, temperature, and the presence or not of other fungicidese0
- Outcome
- dependent on treatment conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“dependent on treatment conditions such as time, temperature, and the presence or not of other fungicides”
t0“Oranges”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.